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POLLUTION
CONTROL
CIVL270-Maraqa
Wells
Water
distribution
system
Industry
Stream
Lake or WTP
Sea
Storage Sanitary
Tank sewer Pre-
Characteristics treatment
Treatment
processes Drinking water Characteristics
Standards
Homes Treatment
WWTP processes
Reuse or
discharge
Standards
CIVL270-Maraqa
US Primary Drinking Water MCL in mg/L (partial list)
Inorganic Chemicals
Arsenic 0.05 Mercury 0.002
Barium 2 Nickel 0.1
Cadmium 0.005 Nitrate (as N) 10
Chromium (total) 0.1 Nitrite (as N) 1
Copper TT Nitrate + nitrite 10
Fluoride 4 Selenium 0.05
Lead TT Thallium 0.002
Asbestos 7106 fiber /L
VOCs
Benzene 0.005 Ethylbenzene 0.7
Carbon tetrachloride 0.005 Vinyl chloride 0.002
CIVL270-Maraqa
Bacteriological limits
US EPA states that “bacterial quality criteria for
drinking water from public supplies require not more
than 1 total-coliform/100 ml as the arithmetic mean of all
water samples examined per month, with no more than 4
coliforms/100 ml in any sample if the number of samples
is 20/month, or no more than 4 per 100 ml in 5% of the
samples if the number of samples exceeds 20 per month.
Bouwer, Groundwater Hydrology, McGraw-Hill, 1978.
CIVL270-Maraqa
Water Treatment Plants (WTPs)
A WTP consists of processes to remove contaminants present in
the water such that produced water is suitable for drinking.
The design of a WTP depends on (1) the quality of raw water,
(2) the quality of produced water and the (3) capacity of the plant.
The capacity of the plant depends on the design period (15-25
yrs), the population served, and the per capita water consumption.
A flow sheet for the plant shows the sequence of the processes
used:
Suspended
solids
CIVL270-Maraqa
FeSO4
Softening
Objective: To remove hardness (Ca and Mg).
1. Lime Soda-Ash Method
A precipitation method through which Ca is removed as
CaCO3 and Mg is removed as Mg(OH)2.
Ca + CO3 CaCO3
Mg + 2OH Mg(OH)2
2. Ion Exchange
Ca hardness Resin
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Desalination
Objective: To reduce the concentration of ions (TDS).
1. Distillation Steam
Condenser
Boiler
Cold salt water
Brine
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Wastewater
Treatment
System
Treated Raw
wastewater wastewater
CIVL270-Maraqa
Characteristics of Domestic Wastewater
Constituent Concentration, mg/L
BOD5 100-300
COD 250-1000
TDS 200-1000
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Treatment Processes
Wastewater Primary
Grit Effluent
Contact
influent Settling
Chamber tank
tank
Screens
CIVL270-Maraqa
Secondary Treatment
Disinfectant
Secondary
Wastewater Contact Effluent
Biological Settling
after primary treatment tank
tank
settling
CIVL270-Maraqa
Advanced Treatment
May include:
Activated carbon to remove organic contaminants.
Filter to capture suspended solids.
Nitrate removal
CIVL270-Maraqa
Zakher Wastewater Treatment Plant
CIVL270-Maraqa
Design capacity 54,000 m3/day.
CIVL270-Maraqa
Screening
Remove large solids and rags that
cause problems if passed through
the plant.
Grit Removal
Remove 95% of grit and stones,
which could result in blockages
and abrasive, wear on machinery
and pipe works.
CIVL270-Maraqa
Aeration Tanks
Incoming sewage, “seeded” with active
organisms, passed through tanks with
surface aerators to provide oxygen for
the degradation process and to ensure
mixing that would maintain sewage
and organisms in suspension.
Settling Tanks
After the aeration process the
activated sludge is allowed to settle,
leaving an effluent containing less
than 30 PPM of suspended solids.
CIVL270-Maraqa
Return Activated Sludge:
Settling
Some of the sludge from the Aeration tank tank
settling tanks is returned to be To further
processes
mixed with incoming sewage to
the aeration tanks, in order to
seed active organisms into the
process.
Return sludge
Sludge to digesters
Filtration:
After secondary settling, treated
wastewater passes through sand
filters to reduce the suspended
solids to about 10 ppm.
CIVL270-Maraqa
Disinfection
Chlorine gas is injected into the
final effluent before the effluent
is being reused. Residual
chlorine content of 1 ppm is the
desired final concentration.