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Fluvial deposits
Marine deposits
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS: are the secondary rocks which are
formed from the loose fragments or
detrital or clastic sediments produced
by weathering of older rocks.
Boulder: >256mm
Cobble: 64-256 mm
Pebble: 4-64 mm
Granule: 2-4mm
Fine gravel
• Clastic rocks mainly
comprise broken
fragment of older
rock – they are also
know as Terrigenous
rocks
Matrix: Cement:
is the finer grains dissolved
or material that substance
surrounds the
that bounds
larger clasts. It
the
consist of either
clay, silt and sand. sediments.
1. Calcareous
2. siliceous
Fine-gravel/
Any rock fragment Granule
(size is > 4 mm=Pebble) (size <4mm)
Degree of roundness helps in knowing the distance of transportation
Graywacke/lithic arenite
SHALE
• Shales are clastic rocks, made up
mainly fine silt/clay
• They are most abundant
sedimentary rocks, accounts for
about 80% of them
• Often contain fossils
• Mostly hydrous aluminum
silicate in composition = from
weathered feldspars
• Deposition takes place under low
fluvial regime or under weak
Shale-fissile water current. Eg. Offshore or in
Lagoon
• Shales are made of fine well sorted silt and clayey sediments, where
normally one can expect high porosity and permeability.
Gypsum Halite
CaSO4.2H20 (NaCl)
Economic importance of Evaporites
Cross-stratified sst.
Paleo-flow from
right to left
Sand Dunes
Typical cross stratification in
Ripple marks
Biogenic structures