Part 5 TOEIC – Incomplete Sentences

1. Word families 11. Conjunctions

2. Nouns - coordinating
3. Verbs - paired
4. Adjectives - subordinating
Adverbial clause
5. Adverbs
Adjective clause
6. Pronouns
12. Note: Adverbs of
7. Prepositions frequency
8. Similar words 13. Note: Causative verbs
9. Agreement in Numbers 14. Note: Conditional
10. Tenses sentences
15. Two-word verbs 1
 Word Families/p. 109
Noun endings: -ance, -ancy, -ence, -action,
-dom, -ism, -ment, -ness, -ship, -or, -er, -
ion, -ure, -ing, -ian, -ant, -ist
Adjective endings: -able, -ible, -al, -ful, -
ish, -ive
Adverb endings: -ly, -ward, -wise
Verb endings: -en, -ify, -ize

2
1. We need to ___ the language in this report, it is too complex.
A. simplify
B. simple
C. simply
D. simplistic
2. In my opinion, her leaving early was a very ___ thing to do.
A. children
B. childish
C. childishly
D. child
3. We could call the TV stations and ___ the opening of our new store.
A. Publicity
B. Public
C. Publicize
D. Publisher
4. I like my work because I have the ___ to make my own decisions.
A. Feed
B. Freely
C. Freedom
D. Free
5. Our company believes it is the best ___ to handle the account.
A. Organizing
B. Organization
C. Organizational
D. Organize 3
6. Most meetings are not as ___ as this one was.
A. Interested
B. Interestingly
C. Interest
D. Interesting
7. A doctor’s ___ manner makes patients feel comfortable.
A. Friendship
B. Friend
C. Friendly
D. Friendliness
8. It was very ___ of the boss to buy us those nice gifts.
A. Thoughtless
B. Thoughtful
C. Thought
D. Thoughtfully
9. One of your duties will be some ___ typing.
A. Light
B. Lightened
C. Lighten
D. Lightness
10. She would like a ___ raise, not just a few dollars.
A. Really
B. Realist
C. Real
4
D. Reality
 NOUNS
1. Countable nouns and uncountable nouns
2. Confusable nouns
3. Compound nouns

ARTICLES (A/AN/THE)
1. Don’t use “the”
2. Use “the”
3. Expressions

5
NOUNS
1. Countable nouns – Uncountable nouns
Countable nouns: a/an + singular noun
the/ + plural nouns
Uncountable nouns: the/ + noun

The equipment you ordered __ scheduled to be

delivered on August 21.
To request __ for other members of your
household, call our automated service banking
line.
6
Some uncountable nouns:
advertising advice clothing
employment equipment furniture
homework knowledge information
machinery money merchandise
pollution recreation scenery
stationery traffic luggage/baggage

They help needy people by the provision of ___,

food, and shelter.

7
2. Confusable nouns
a. Nouns about things/Nouns about people
agency/
attendance/
/consultant
donation/
/accountant
/supervisor
/employee or employer
advice/
application/
/engineer
/photographer
subscription/
8
benefit/
b. Similar nouns with different meanings
commitment/committee
Permit(s)/permission
complex/complexity
expectancy/expectation
Interest (rate)/interest
produce/product/production/productivity
objective/objectivity/objection
means/meaning
Segment/segmentation

As a member of the admissions __, I am not

permitted to discuss your file until a final decision9
has been made.
3. Compound nouns
advertising /apartment
application / application
assembly /baggage
company /customer
expiration /stationery
delivery /membership
information /face
fringe /construction
awards / customs
earnings /economics
benefits / public relations
savings /sales 10
 ARTICLES
1. Without “the”

2. With “the”

We study ___ at school.

__ Philippines is making great effort to fight against the
China’s invasion in its sea territory. 11
3.Expressions
- “the”: in the way of/ in the distance
(at a distance)/ on the contrary/
on the whole (in general)/ in the middle of
- Zero articles: in error, in haste (in a hurry)
in detail/ in order to/ until further notice/
take advantage of/ take care of
- “a/an”: as a result/ as a symbol of/ as a whole
come to an end/ all of a sudden/
in an effort to/ in an attempt to
reach an agreement/
__ traffic accidents, many people were wounded. 12
VERBS
1. Linking verbs
2. Verb + object
3. Verb + preposition + object
4. Verb + object 1 + object 2
5. Causative verbs
6. Verb with ‘as’
7. Verb with ‘that’
8. Notes

13
 1. Linking verbs
- They still remain (unemployment)___ because their jobs become
too (popular)___ nowadays.
- She sounded (great) ___ on the phone.
- Please hurry up! Time is running (short)___
 look/feel/smell/sound/become
taste/sound/
prove/appear/seem/remain

2. Verb + Object
Access/accompany/approach/approve/check/disclose/
discuss/exceed/express/investigate/join/marry/mention/
overcome/provide/reach/regret/require/resemble
- Most coordinators ___ their clients to provide a detailed list of
assets and liabilities well before the final filing date.
- Visitors almost always ___ amazement at the immensity of the
Angkor Wat temple complex in Cambodia. 14
 3. Verb + preposition + Object
Account for/agree on (with)/ deal with/interfere with/react
to/speak to (with)/sympathize with/add to/ arrive at/head
for/listen to/rely on/return to/talk to
- The president of the company will ___ all the employees about
the changes in the company policy.

4. Verb + Object 1 + object 2

Give/bring/send/offer/show/tell/teach/write +
My father gave a book ___ me for my birthday present.
Buy/choose/get/find/leave/make/provide +
- I will buy a book ___ you.
- John made a bookcase ___ Jennifer.
- Ask/beg/inquire +
- I asked advice ___ my teacher.
15
- John asked a question ___Jennifer.
 5. Causative Verbs

- Mr. Hwang made his son ___ his room. (clean)

- My father lets me ___ his car. (drive)
- I had the plumber ___ the leak. (repair)
- My sister helped me ___ my car. (wash)
- The students got the teacher ___ class early.
(dismiss)
- John had his watch ___ (by someone). (repair)

16
- have sb do sth - waste/spend +time/money
have sth done + doing sth
- let/make sb do sth - lie/stand/sit + place +
- want/would like/get/order doing sth
sb to do sth
sth done - find/catch + sb + doing
- help (sb) (to) do sth
sth
- keep sb doing sth
(make sb do sth)
keep sb done
(make sb feel)
- force/ask/tell/instruct/
alarm/alert/advise/ invite/
warn/urge/require...
sb to do sth
17
 6. Verb with ‘as’
Regard A as B cite A as B
Think of A as B take A as B
Consider A as B speak of A as B
Refer to A as B designate A as B
Define A as B look upon A as B
- Have you ___ working as a journalist?
- His work ___ very good by art experts.

7. Verb with ‘to’

Express to me that suggest to me that
introduce to me that announce to me that
mention to me that propose to me that
- John ___ that he might resign at the end of the month.
18
 ADJECTIVES
- Adjectives that modify nouns.
- Adjectives as complements.
- Quantifiers
- Expression of approximate numbers
- Compound adjectives
- Confusable adjectives

19
 Point 1: Adjectives that modify nouns
A. Adjective + noun
Potential customers professional attire
initial negotiation Local supporter
regular morning meeting persuasive argument
Administrative assistant protective equipment
early retirement Immediate supervisor
promissory note corporate manager
Cost-effective way prospective customer
Prior to the bank’s loan acceptance, anyone has to sign a ___.
Pete has his ___ as a gift from the bank due to his dedication.
B. Participle used as adjective + noun
attached schedule designated hotel
damaged luggage Limited warranty
finished product updated manual
preferred jobs proposed project
increasing demand
The passengers were very angry because of their ___. 20
C. Adjective + adjective + noun
Fresh and innovative idea
experienced and dynamic instructor
Bold and original marketing plan
informative and interesting lecture
Inaccurate and questionable information

With ___, the company becomes a leader in the market of cars.

D. Adverb + adjective + noun

Conveniently placed store entirely reliable product
fully operational factory strictly prohibited rules
bitterly disappointed candidate
quite impressive earnings figures.

After months of putting a lot of effort, ___ now recognizes that he

is under-qualified for the job.
21
E. Article + adjective + noun
an introductory chapter
a rich source of information
a significant number of people
a differently colored pattern
a certified technician
a tentative agreement
a very diversified machine
a renowned engineer

James becomes a __ after creating an innovative machine

necessary for construction.

F. Determiner + adjective + noun

Many construction-related industries
Many experienced workers
Any associated charges

22
Point 2: Adjectives as complements
A. Be + adjective + noun
Be available remain silent
look empty seem helpful
The whole audience ___ even when the performance finished.

B. Be + adjective + preposition
Be available for be aware of be capable of
be cognizant of be comparable to/with
be confident of be conscious of
be consistent with be different from
be eligible for be familiar with
Be made of be necessary for be perfect for
be preferable to be related to be responsible for
be satisfied with be similar to be suitable for
be surprised at (by) be superior to be likely to
When you are ___ the law, you can do things without any fear.
When facing a competitor, you should not feel ___ them. 23
Point 3 Quantifiers (quantity adjectives)
One/each/every + singular countable noun
Two/both/a couple of/a few/several/many/a number of + plural
countable noun
A little/much/a great deal of + uncountable noun
No/some/any/a lot of/lots of/plenty of/most/all + plural nouns or
uncountable noun
___ money has been invested in stock for the past 15 years.

Point 4 Expressions of approximate numbers

Hundreds of/ thousands of + plural noun
Millions of/dozens of/ scores of

24
Point 5 Compound adjectives
A compound adjective is a combination of two or more words
that serves as an adjective. Be sure not to use it in the
plural form.

The contract stipulates that a ___paid vacation will be offered to

every employer.
The clerk recommended a ___ suite but we couldn’t afford it.

25
Point 6 Confusable adjectives
industrial/industrious comprehensive/comprehensible
arguable/argumentative healthy/healthful
successful/successive economic/economical
considerable/considerate numerical/numerous
persuasive/persuadable

The car is very ___ to run because it does not use too much
petrol.
Song Than __ zone is a really big zone where a lot of working-
class people gather to work and earn their livings.

26
 ADVERBS

Point 1 Positions and functions of adverbs

Point 2 Adverbs that modify the whole sentence
Point 3 Adverbs that modify approximation
Point 4 Already/Yet/Still
Point 5 Hardly/seldom/scarcely/barely
Point 6 Adverbs of frequency
Point 7 too much/much too/much to/enough/very/much
Point 8 List of commonly used adverbs

27
Point 1 Positions and functions of adverbs
- Before or after verbs: When you speak ___, your customer can
understand ___.
- Between auxiliaries and verbs: The prices of the finished
products will ___ increase.
- Have + adverb + p.p.: Property values have ___ increased more
than ten percent.
- Be + adverb + p.p.: Check if the batteries are ___ inserted.
- Adverb + adj.: Remodeling the head office was ___ expensive,
but it was ___ worth the expense.
- Ordinary verb + as + adverb + as: We need to use our time as
___ as possible.
Point 2 Adverbs that modify the whole sentence
Apparently clearly increasingly presumably
More importantly recently regrettably unfortunately
- People all enjoy things that can inspire their spirit. ___, those
things must be positive.
28
Point 3 Adverbs that modify approximation
Almost/approximately/about/nearly… + number
- Almost 30 percent of the students ___.
Point 4 Already/Yet/Still
Already: have/had/be + already + p.p.
Already + main verb
Yet: haven’t + p.p. + yet/ have + yet + to do
Still: still + ordinary verb
Still + auxiliary verb + main verb
Be + still + V-ing
We ____ believe that it is true.
We ____ known that he has just rejected the proposal.
We ____ decide what course of action to take.

29
Point 5 Hardly/seldom/scarcely/barely
Hardly/seldom/scarcely/barely/only/rarely = almost negative (NOT
is not needed)
No/not/neither/never/nor = complete negative

- There are barely enough employees to cover shifts

 Barely ___ enough employees to cover shifts.

- You can reveal the secrets in no circumstances.



- John does not show his interests in English studying, ___ Mary
feel like learning History.

30
Point 6 Adverbs of frequency
Adverbs of Indefinite frequency
Always generally occasionally rarely sometimes
Ever hardly often scarcely usually
Frequently never once seldom
Positions: be + adverb of frequency
Auxiliary verb + adverb of frequency + main verb
Adverb of frequency + ordinary verb
I __ have the feeling of ____.
Adverbs of Definite frequency
Every day weekly bi-weekly
Monthly annually/yearly semi-annually
Position: at the beginning or the end of a sentence
Semi-annually I have ___.
31
Point 7: too much/much too/much to/enough/very/much
- Too much + Noun:.
- Much too + adj./adv.:
- Much to + abstract noun:
- Adjective + enough + (+ to infinitive): The doctor is kind enough
to help them overcome the problems.
- Very: be + very +
pleased/frightened/excited/delighted/surprised/worried
- Much + adj./comparatives/verbs/participles:

___ my surprise, all the steps were simple.

Drinking ___ fruit juice can contribute to obesity.
Californians feel that taxes, especially federal taxes, are ___ high.
They may look very ___ alike.

32
Point 8 List of commonly used adverbs
Accordingly/ additionally/ admiringly/ aggressively/ approvingly
Certainly/ collectively/ consecutively/ continually/ cooperatively
Correspondingly/ currently/ deeply/ directly/ easily
Electronically/ eventually/ exactly/ extremely/ favorably
Highly/ indefinitely/ inherently/ insincerely/ largely
Lightly/ movingly/ noticeably/ originally/ personally
Precisely/ preventively/ promptly/ quickly/ readily
Recently/ regularly/ responsibly/ rightfully/ substantially
Slowly/ timelessly/ vaguely/ adamantly/ adequately
Adversely/ amply/ brightly/ clearly/ completely
Considerably/ conveniently/ cordially/ courteously/ customarily
Dimly/ dramatically/ efficiently/ equally/ evidently
Expensively/ faintly/ frequently/increasingly/ inflexibly
Innocently/ knowingly/ lastingly/ minimally/ notably
Objectively/ perfectly/ poorly/ presently/ previously
Properly/ rapidly/ realistically/ regrettably/ respectfully
Right / safely/ tightly/ strictly/ unconditionally 33
 PRONOUNS

1. Cases of pronouns
2. Reflexive pronouns
3. That/those
4. Other/another/the other/the others
5. Most
6. Some-/any-/no-/every-

34
 Point 1: Cases of Pronouns
Subject Pronouns: I/You/He/She/It/We/You/They
Object Pronouns: me/you/him/her/it/us/you/them
Possessive Adjectives: my/your/his/her/its/our/your/their
Possessive Pronouns: mine/yours/his/hers/ours/yours/theirs
Reflexive Pronouns: myself/yourself/himself/herself/itself/
ourselves/yourselves/themselves

- ___ is making his effort to get a scholarship.

- You should tell ___ the truth ___.
- Love cannot be defined generally, but when __ is put in a
context, __ is something that one can feel and appreciate ___.

35
 Point 2: Reflexive Pronouns
- Used as an object to refer back to the subject of the clause or
sentence.
Heaven helps those who help ___.
- Used to emphasize the subject or object.
Mr. Smith usually repairs his car ___.
- Idiomatic expressions: by oneself/for oneself/in itself/of itself
She prefers to travel in the world by herself rather than with ___.
There is so much work coming in that Mr. Smith cannot ___.

Point 3: That/those
+ That/those + of: that for a singular noun/ those for a plural noun.
Because of Ms. Black’s valuable sales experience and ___ of her
associates, the manager put them on the marketing outreach team.
+ ___
For ___ are looking forward to seeing the mysterious artifacts found in a
Nevada cave, our museum is open from 10 a.m. to 3 p.m. daily. 36
Point 4: another/other/the other/the others
- Difference: I HAVE A BOOK.

SINGULAR PLURAL
INDEFINITE I have _________________. I have _____________.
I have _________________. I have _____________.
DEFINITE I have _________________. I have _____________.
I have _________________. I have _____________.
There are five books on the table. Two are mine, and __ may
belong to James.
- Common expressions
each other one another
one after the other (= in turn, alternately)
one after another (in succession)
A is one thing and B is another (= A is different from B)
+ We have known ___ for over 10 years.
+ We have 2 receptionists, and they have to work ___.
37
 Point 5: most

- As an adjective, most modifies a noun.

Most people/ most employees/ most home appliances
- As a pronoun: most of the + Noun
_____ for the opening position have been waiting in the
conference room.

Point 6 some-, any-, no-, every-

• Some- in affirmative statements

• Any- in questions, negative statements, and conditional
sentences
• No one, nobody, nothing as the subject, object.
___ who would like to take part in the show can register online.
38
 Prepositions
- Time: at
The morning shift starts at 9:00.
- A specific day: on
The conference will be held on Friday.
- A specific date: on
The contract deadline is on February 2nd.
- A specific city: in
Our headquarters are in Baltimore.
- The meaning of preposition: logical
The letter was written by his secretary.
In the morning/On Saturday morning
At night/at noon 39
Other prepositions:
Prepositions of contrast: despite, in spite of
In spite of his severe illness, he still goes to work.
Prepositions of cause: due to, because of, owing to,
thanks to
Due to high tax in the area, all companies close down
and move to other areas.
Prepositions of reference: regarding, concerning,
with regard to, with respect to, with reference to
They are discussing something regarding earnings
reports.
Preposition of ‘except’: except (for), except that,
aside from, barring , without, but for
But for John and Mary, everybody went dancing last
night. 40
 Prepositions/p.114
1. The mail carrier left the mail ___ the secretary’s desk.
2. The software company offers training ___ Atlanta.
3. There will be a holiday ___ Monday.
4. The presentation starts ___ 9:30 a.m. ___ the
conference room.
5. The doctor will not give the patient the test results ___
tomorrow.
6. The clerk stands ___ a counter all day.
7. Please hand in the report ___ Friday afternoon.
8. Have you read this article ___ our competitions?
9. We do almost all our corresponding ___ email.
10. The sale goes on ___ the 16th.

41
 AGREEMENT IN NUMBERS

1. N + V (singular/plural)

2. Phrase/clause as a subject

3. Collective nouns

4. Nouns end in ‘s’

5. Quantifiers

6. Paired conjunctions

7. Abstract nouns 42
 1. N+V

The furniture you ordered is/are scheduled to be delivered on August

26.
One of my friends is/are there.
The wealthy usually do/does not consider themselves to be rich
enough.
Each book and magazine is/are listed in the card catalogue.
Every business needs/need to evaluate its strength and weakness
periodically.
The number of students in the class is/are twenty.
A number of students is/are late for the TOEIC class.
Some of the books is/are good for children.
The United States is/are located on the North American Continent.
A lot of his friends is/are here.
Every year, Viva Productions donates/donate the proceeds of one
concert to the poor.
None of the girls is/are here.
43
Nearly two-thirds of Americans is/are overweight.
Noun + V(singular) Noun + V(plural)
- Uncountable nouns - The + adjective (= a
- One of the (possessive group of people in
case) + plural noun general)
- Each + singular noun - Some (of + the) + plural
- Every + singular noun noun
- The number of + plural - A lot of + plural noun
noun
- A number of (=many) +
- Names of organizations,
associations, countries plural noun
which are plural in form - Two-thirds + of + plural
but singular in meaning noun
- Names of companies,
corporations that end in
–s 44
 2. Phrase/Clause as a subject

Keeping these young people in prison is/are inhuman.

Whoever took them remains/remain a mystery.

That Rangers won both matches was/were a great achievement.

 Phrase/clause + V(___________)

Notes

What worries us is/are the poor selection process.

What is needed is/are additional resources.

What-clause: 45
 3. Collective nouns

- need plural verbs when they refer to a separate or single

group.
- need singular verbs when they refer to a whole unit.

The school is/are to close next year.

The council has/have postponed a decision on the new road.

Police believes/believe that Thomas is in Brazil.

The staff say that the new computer system has/have led to
greater levels of stress in their work.

46
 4. Nouns end in ‘s’

The company’s earnings has/have increased for the last five

years.

The news from the Middle East seems/seem very encouraging.

What to learn?

N-s + V(________): belongings, clothes, congratulations,

earnings, goods, outskirts, overheads, particulars, premises,
savings, stairs, surroundings, thanks.

N-s + V(________): means, economics, linguistics, mathematics,

phonetics, physics, politics, statistics, athletics, gymnastics,
diabetes.

47
 5. Quantifiers

- Any of/each of/ either of/ none of + N(______) + V(______)

I don’t think any of them ________________________.
Neither of the French athletes ____________________.

- A/the majority of/ a number of/ a lot of/ plenty of/ all (of)/
some of + N(______) + V(______)
A number of refugees has/have been turned back at the border.
The number of books in the library _________ over five million.

- Any of/ none of/ the majority of/ a lot of/ plenty of/ all (of)/
some (of) + N(uncountable) + V (______)
All the furniture was/were destroyed in the fire.
None of the equipment ____________________.

- Every/each + N(______) + V (______)

Every room looks/look over the harbor.
Each boy and girl _______________________________.

-every-/no-/any-/some- + V(singular)
48
Practically everyone thinks/think that Phil should be given the job.
 6. Paired conjunctions

Both A and B
Either A or B
Neither A nor B
Not only A but also B
Not A but B
A as well as B
A along with B
A accompanied by B
Our mates not only like music but also compose it.
Kathy as well as her parents (go)____ swimming every day.
Both Mary and Jack (work)___ very hard from 7 a.m. till 7 p.m.
Neither John nor his friends (attend) ___ briefing every Monday.
You can get either a pair of shoes or get a jacket. (correct?)
 You can get either a pair of shoes or a jacket.
49
 7. Abstract nouns

Money/time/ weight/distance + V(_______)

Only three meters separates/separate the runners in first and

second places.
The fifty pounds he gave me __________________________.
Three hours seems/seem_____________________________.

50
 TENSES
• Past and present
Eg: He gives me money when I wanted it. (C/I)
I know that he gave Ms. Tam money yesterday. (C/I)
2. Past perfect and Present Perfect
Present perfect: past up to the present
never go with the past (except since)
She has lived/lived in HCM for 4 years.
She has lived in HCM since she was/has been 14.
Before I go/went, she has finished breakfast.
Past perfect: before past to past
never go with present
Before we slept/sleep, we had seen a great movie.
3. Time Expressions
Future: in 2 days, next month, as of, within, until next week
Past: ago, for, yesterday, last, in 2000
Present perfect: since (past), lately, recently, in the last year, for
(in) the past 2 years
Past perfect: by 2000
All perfect tenses: by 51
I (graduate) from this university by 2014.
Subj + suggest/propose + THAT + S (should) bare infinitive
insist/urge
ask/demand/request/require
He suggested that she spend/spent/ had spent the weekend with
him.

It is + difficult/mandatory/vital + THAT+ S (should) + bare infinitive

imperative/compulsory
important/necessary/essential
It is necessary that the contract be finalized/is finalized at least
one week before the project begins.

52
1.
Verb tense/p.123
When the messenger ___, will you please give him this
package?
A. will arrive C. arriving
B. arrives D. would arrive
2. The assistant to Ms. Brigham ___ more responsible in
the last year.
A. is becoming C. has become
B. has been becoming D. becomes
3. The Paris branch of our bank ___ five years ago today.
A. opens C. opened
B. has opened D. was opening
4. The consultant ___ the results of his recommendations
by the end of the month.
A. knows C. has known
B. does know D. will know
5. My supervisor promises that I ___ a raise next year.
A. would get C. will get
53
B. Should get D. get
6. After you ___ enough practice, it will be easy for you to
do.
A. have had C. had
B. will have D. are having
7. The boss ___ for those reports all morning.
A. is waiting C. has been waiting
B. waits D. will waiting
8. I ___ something very strange, like burning wires.
A. am smelling C. smelling
B. smell D. had smelled
9. You can take those files to the records room unless Kim
___ it first.
A. does B. doing
B. will do D. had done
10. We ___ at that restaurant in a few months.
A. don’t eat C. haven’t eaten
B. won’t eat D. didn’t eat
54
 Similar words
Many words seem similar because they contain similar
letters. Do the other words in the sentence help you
understand the meaning of the word?
(except/accept)
Some words can refer to the same topic but have different
meanings. Do you know the different meanings of a
word?
(currency/bill)
Some words have similar spellings, but they have very
different meanings or are different parts of speech. Can
you tell the difference?
(loose/lose)
55
1. The task was divided into ___ parts
A. like C. equal
B. same D. Even
2. We were ___impressed with the recommendations at
the end of the report.
A. Specially C. Especial
B. Special D. Especially
3. Your ___ during our visit has been greatly appreciated.
A. Hospice C. Hospitality
B. Hospital D. Hospitable
4. With prices ___ at such a rapid rate, buyers should
compare prices.
A. Ascending C. enlarging
B. Increasing D. expanding
5. No one is at fault, according to the company ___
A. Speaker C. Teller
B. Man D. spokesperson
56
6. Your advice was very ___.
A. Cooperating C. Helpful
B. Contributive D. Improving
7. I think the ___ for his services is high.
A. Duty C. Fine
B. Fee D. Tariff
8. We’ve decided to ___ the company Macrodisk, Inc.
A. Name C. Nominate
B. Identify D. Denominate
9. Have you checked out the ___ of the contract?
A. Rightfulness C. Legality
B. Lawfulness D. Authority
10. The experience I received being an apprentice was
___.
A. Costly C. Expensive
B. Pricey D. Invaluable

57
 CONJUNCTIONS

COORDINATING PAIRED SUBORDINATING

58
 COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
and, but, or, nor, so, yet, for
Functions:
- connect equal terms (adjs, advs, and so on)
Mary is very good at math and English.
- Connect two clauses
John cares for the dog and, Jack cares for the cat.
I love music, but Jack hates it
I am not interested in playing cards, nor John (be) interested in
playing online games.
I am not interested in playing cards, nor is John interested in
playing online games.

59
 PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS
Not only … but also…
… as well as…
Both … and
Neither … nor …
Either … or …
Our mates not only like music but also compose it.
Kathy as well as her parents (go) swimming every day.
 Kathy as well as her parents goes swimming every day.
Both Mary and Jack (work) very hard from 7 a.m. till 7 p.m.
 Both Mary and Jack work very hard from 7 a.m. till 7 p.m.
Neither John nor his friends (attend) briefing every Monday.
 Neither John nor his friends attend briefing every Monday.
You can get either a pair of shoes or get a jacket. (correct?)
60
 You can get either a pair of shoes or a jacket.
 SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
1. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
2. ADJECTIVE CLAUSES
3. NOUN CLAUSES

61
 1. ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
- Time:
after, before, until, when, while, since, as, not until, by the
time, once
___ I finish work, I head back home.
- Cause:
because, since, as, inasmuch as, now that
Inasmuch as I was sick, I ___ go to class as usual.
- Contrast:
although, though, even though, while, whereas
I love business although I study ___.
- Conditionals:
if, unless, in case, whether, provided (that), providing (that).
__ you finish the job on time, you will stay longer in the office. w
62
- Manner:
as if, as though, as, in that
John acts as if he ___ the manager.
- Place:
where, wherever
Wherever there is a choice of freedom, interest ___.
- Result/Purpose: … so that …
so + adj/adv + that,
such + a/an + adj + Noun+ that,
so + adj + a/an + Noun + that
He’s so sweet ___ man that all the girls in his class fall for him.
He drives so __ that I just close my eyes in his car.
Jenny is ____ a/an ____ that everyone _____.

63
1. ___ they were tired, they worked overtime.
A. Because C. Since
B. In spite D. Although
2. Neither Ms. Chen ___ Mr. Martinez was able to attend
the seminar.
A. nor C. neither
B. and D. or
3. ___ Mr. Park worked for us, he had received training
abroad.
A. Before C. While
B. After D. When
4. Please answer the phone __ it rings.
A. during C. because
B. when D. and
5. You can look at the clothes in the shop windows, ___
you can’t go in and buy them.
A. but B. after
64
B. or D. while
6. The soccer game won’t be postponed ___ it looks like
rain.
A. because C. since
B. even though D. as
7. ___ profits have improved, we’re all getting bonuses.
A. Since C. Although
B. Before D. During
8. Ms. Adams refused the promotion ___ the large raise.
A. because C. despite
B. but D. neither
9. The hotel will accept no guests __ it’s being renovated.
A. and C. because of
B. while D. after
10. Restaurant food handlers must wear latex gloves ___
health regulations.
A. because of C. since
B. because D. although
65
 MORE EXERCISE
1. __ the decreasing number of trains running today, transit
authorities do not expect any substantial delay in service.
(A) Although (B) Despite
(C) During (D) Throughout
2. Ms. Smith will leave her position as a professor in May __ the
board offers her a permanent position.
(A) unless (B) and
(C) inasmuch as (D) when
3. We have enclosed extra copies of the brochure you requested
__ you can share them with your customers.
(A) in order (B) while
(C) so that (D) as though
4. Please understand that we will not be in a position to release
patients’ medical records __ they give us their written
permission.
(A) while (B) unless
(C) because (D) although
66
5. Gross income from rentals increased by more than fifteen
percent __ Ms. Au was serving as branch supervisor.
(A) while (B) during
(C) when (D) provided that
6. The board meeting was postponed __ the chairperson had to
leave for an emergency.
(A) due to (B) after
(C) wherever (D) since
7. Rosewood Inc. has planned to manufacture more handicrafts
this year __ increasing demand for their products.
(A) now that (B) thanks to
(C) while (D) during
8. The secretary was absent from the office yesterday because
she had a fever __ a throat infection.
(A) due to (B) although
67
(C) despite (D) in that
9. __ San Francisco’s largest performing arts institutions are
hardly in danger of going out of business, an analysis of their
finances shows significant financial pain.
(A) In spite of (B) So that
(C) As though (D) Though
10. This year, due to certain complications, our payment slips will
be sent out every month __ it seemed to work out quarterly
last year.
(A) Since (B) until
(C) While (D) in case
11. Not only would the proposed location increase production
costs, __ it would also decrease profit margins.
(A) and (B) but
(C) nor (D) or
12. The company provides __ comprehensive a benefits package
that all the staff are very satisfied.
(A) So (B) that
68
(C) But (D) and
13. We could not attend the meeting __ we were in the different
state.
(A) or (B) so
(C) yet (D) for
14. Janet could not plan out the marketing plan for the coming
month, __ does John make it out.
(A)nor (B) and
(C) but (D) although
15. The town of Provo in the central part of the province has __
natural beauty and attractive architecture.
(A) neither (B) both
(C) either (D) or

69
Have you compiled the list of supplies that I need to order yet? I was
under the impression that you were going to provide me with that list
last week, ______ I am still waiting for it. Please
16. (A) and (B) but
(C) or (D) so
remember that anything you order will take at least six business days to
arrive, ______ you had better let me know your needs.
17. (A) so (B) for
(C) nor (D) yet
Additionally, your requisition cannot be processed until every item on
the list has been approved for purchase by the Accounting
Department. This typically takes at least one day but usually two. I
believe that your project is due for completion in the next couple of
weeks. ______ you get me that order form soon, you’re still going to
18. (A) Unless (B) Until
(C) When (D) Because
be lacking all your supplies by that time.
70
Cathy
 REDUCED ADVERBIAL CLAUSES
1. If not completely satisfied, you can return the product to the
manager (C/I)
 If you are not completely satisfied, you can return the product to
the manager.
CONJ. + S + BE + …, CLAUSE  (CONJ.) + …, CLAUSE

2. Tom began to look for a job after completing his master’s

degree in engineer. (C/I)
 Tom began to look for a job after he completed his master’s
degree in engineer.
CONJ. + S + V …, CLAUSE (CONJ.) + GERUND…, CLAUSE

71
 PRESENT PARTICIPLE OR PAST PARTICIPLE

Present participle (DO)

Past participle (RECEIVE)

1. Steve has had to learn how to cook and clean since left/leaving
home.
2. The ointment can be applied where needed/needing.
3. Although not selected/selecting for the team, he attends all of
the games as a fan.
4. When purchased/purchasing at this store, the buyer gets a
guarantee on all items.
5. The medicine is not effective unless taken/taking as
directed/directing.
6. You should negotiate a lot before bought/buying a new car.
7. Once purchased/purchasing, the swimsuits cannot be returned.
8. Though located/locating near the coast, the town does not get72
much of an ocean breeze.
 MORE EXERCISE
1. Though __ at the results, she was pleased with what she had
done.
(A) surprising (B) was surprising
(C) surprised (D) she surprised
2. __ only a light sweater, she stepped out into the pouring rain.
(A) Although worn (B) Inasmuch as she wore
(C) Wearing (D) After she wore
3. The family __ to visit many relatives while driving across the
country.
(A) stopping (B) was stopping
(C) were stopped (D) stopped
4. __ a vacation, the company president boarded a plane for the
Bahamas.
(A) When he needed (B) Needed
73
(C) After he needed (D) Before needing
5. When __ for the job, you should bring your letters of reference.
(A) I apply (B) you applied
(C) applied (D) applying
6. __ weak after a long illness, Tom wanted to try to get back to
work.
(A) Although he is (B) Although felt
(C) Feeling (D) Now that he was
7. Before __ to have surgery, you should get a second opinion.
(A) decide (B) deciding
(C) decided (D) I decide
8. The application will at least be reviewed if __ by the fifteenth of
the month.
(A) you are submitted (B) submitting
(C) it is submitted (D) it submits
74
Space tourism, once __to be just a rich man’s dream, is taking
9. (A) thinking (B) thought
(C) it thought (D) people think
another step towards becoming reality. The British billionaire
George Lewis recently announced plans to invest __ a number
10. (A) on (B) in
(C) with (D) under
of different technologies, all of which aim to achieve commercial
flights into outer space. __ a handful of rich individual have paid
11. (A) Because (B) In that
(C) Whereas (D) Where
millions of dollars to the Russian government for the privilege of
spending time in space, this venture by Lewis is much more
ambitious. He aims to fly airplane-like crafts __the earth’s
12. (A) out of (B) in
(C) during (D) on
atmosphere and into outer space. 75
 RELATIVE CLAUSE

We went to a beach ___ Jane had recommended to us.

I know a man ___ ran in the New York Marathon last year.
Those walls are all ___ remain of the city.

Object Subject
Things
People
Possession

76
 Note 1:
- When: time (preposition + which)
- Whereby: method/means (preposition + which)
- Where: location (preposition + which)
- A/the reason (why/that)
He wasn’t looking forward to the time ___ he would have to leave.

Do you know the date ___ we have to hand in the essay?

This is the place ___ we first met.

Later in this chapter we will introduce cases ___ consumer complaints
have resulted in changes in the law.
The government is to end the system ___ farmers make more money
from leaving land unplanted than from growing wheat.

I didn’t get a pay rise, but this wasn’t ___ I left.
 77
 Note 2:

- The book ___ he’s most proud of was written at the age of 17.

- She is one of the few people ___ I look up to.

- We are in discussion with Lord Thomas whose land most of
the villager is built on. (C/I)
- The Roman coins ___ a local farmer came across in a field are
now on display in the National Museum.

78
1. Employees ___ wish to attend the management seminar must
sign up before February 20.
(A) when (B) what (C) whom (D) who
2. Ten percent discounts are offered to those ___ will register for
the course by September 15.
(A) who (B) whose (C) what (D) their
3. London is a city ___ has been an ideal location for many
financial corporations.
(A) that (B) whatever (C) how (D) who
4. Mercury Delivery will be adopting the NTK connection
technology, __ has been developed recently.
(A) anyone (B) whose (C) which (D) that
5. The designer wants a definite answer on the changes ___
proposed.
(A) she (B) that (C) were (D) until
79
6. The company has promoted Mr. Irwin, ___ everyone in the
office respects because of his leadership and expertise.
(A) someone (B) whom (C) whose (D) that
7. Benjamin and Chloe, the artists ___ sculptures are on display
at the City Sculpture Garden, both studied in Italy.
(A) who (B) their (C) they (D) whose
8. ___ the two managers have in common is that ___ they both
emphasize teamwork.
(A) That (B) When (C) What (D) Whom
9. Anyone ___ experiences problems with our service should
please contact us at customerservice@pe.uk.
(A) who (B) which (C) whom (D) whose
10. Our language course was designed by Scope Linguistics, ___
has been providing language programs since 1970.
(A) what (B) where (C) which (D) whoever
80
March 4, Tokyo Asotoria Music Society announced yesterday that it
will hold its 17th Annual Jazz Festival at the City Hall in Tokyo June
15-22.
The announcement ___ by Eddy Rubin, President and Chief
11. (A) made (B) will be made
(C) was made (D) had made
Operating Officer. This year’s festival will feature a performance by
renowned violinist Herbert Greenberg, ___ will be
12. (A) what (B) who
(C) whom (D) whose
accompanied by the Detroit Symphony Orchestra. The featured
conductor will be Mr. Ruben Garcia, who will lead his Reno
Chamber Orchestra in the closing concert.
Tickets of all events can be purchased online at www.fefstival.com.
Buying tickets early is ___, since many
13. (A) advice (B) advising
(C) advisable (D) advise
Tickets of last year’s performances were sold out before the festival.
81
 Adverbs of Frequency/p.117
- A definite frequency adverb usually goes
at the beginning or the end of the
sentence (every day)
Mr. Escobar walks to work every day.
- An indefinite frequency adverb
+ goes after “be” (always)
He is always busy.
+ goes before all the simple verbs
He always eats lunch.
+ goes between the first auxiliary and main
verb in a complex verb form
He has always liked you. 82
1. Mr. Lee is never sick and comes in on time ___
A. never C. sometimes
B. rarely D. every day
2. The supervisor ___ tries to be fair.
A. always C. every day
B. usual D. ever
3. Our department has ___ been this productive before.
A. still C. yet
B. never D. lately
4. Ms. Carver ___ late since she was promoted.
A. Has been rarely C. rarely has been
B. Has rarely been D. rarely been
5. Our boss gives all of the management team bonuses
___.
A. never C. still
B. always D. annually
83
6. We have ___ pre-registered for the conference.
A. yet C. already
B. still D. ever
7. Mr. Kim ___ calls in the auditors.
A. frequently C. timely
B. yet D. already
8. The boss treats everybody to lunch ___
A. Never C. rarely
B. On occasion D. normally
9. We’re ___ waiting for a fax from the head office.
A. already C. every day
B. yet D. still
10. The sales department holds a meeting ___
A. usually C. weekly
B. already D. always
84
 Causative verbs/p.119
- The verb after the noun clause is
the simple form,
the infinitive form,
present participle or
the past particle form of the verb.
I had my coworker help me.
I got my coworker to help me.
The supervisor keeps everyone waiting long
before the speech.
I would like everything done before noon.
Mr. Watson wants the report rewritten soon.
85
1. The guard made the visitors ___ at the gate.
A. waiting C. to wait
B. waited D. wait
2. My assistant wasn’t able to get his check __ because the
bank was closed.
A. cash C. cashing
B. cashed D. cashes
3. Our company wants its customers ___
A. satisfies C. satisfied
B. satisfying D. satisfy
4. I’ll have my secretary ___ for the package.
A. will sign C. sign
B. signs D. to sign
5. Before the prime minister arrived, the police ordered the
area ___.
A. clear C. clearing
B. cleared D. be clear
86
6. We forced our competitors ___ their prices.
A. to lower C. lowered
B. lower D. lowering
7. With some effort, Ms. Manson got her schedule ___.
A. to change C. change
B. changed D. changing
8. The boss had me ___ all of last month’s sales figures.
A. to check C. check
B. checked D. checks
9. The airport guard made us ___ our pockets at he gate.
A. to empty C. emptying
B. empty D. emptied
10. The architects want all the hallways ___.
A. widen C. widening
B. widened D. to widen
87
- have sb do sth - waste/spend +time/money
have sth done + doing sth
- let/make sb do sth - lie/stand/sit + place +
- want/would like/get/order doing sth
sb to do sth - find/catch + sb + doing
sth done sth
- help (sb) (to) do sth
- keep sb doing sth
(make sb do sth)
keep sb done
(make sb feel)
- force/ask/tell/instruct/
alarm/alert/advise/ invite/
warn/urge/require...
88
sb to do sth
 Conditional sentences/p.121
- If Tam is/were there, we’ll give him the
message.
- If she were/was the boss, she would hire
him.
- If humans had/have two heads, they
couldn’t make decisions easily.
- If I had talked/talked to him yesterday, he
would have stayed at home.

89
 Inversion with If
1. Should
If you should come before 10, give me a call.
 Should you come before 10, give me a call.

2. Were
If she were the boss, she would hire him.
 Were she the boss, she would hire him.

3. Past perfect
If I had received the phone, I could have come and picked you up.
Had I received the phone, I could have come and picked you
up.
If I hadn’t come to the party, John would have got angry a lot.
 Had I not come to the party, John would have got angry a lot. 90
1. If the student ___ for tomorrow’s exam, she’ll be more
confident.
A. prepares C. prepare
B. prepared D. would prepare
2. if Mr. Kennedy ___ the information, he would put it in the
report.
A. has C. will have
B. would have D. had
3. If you ___ how to use the word processor, ask anyone of
us.
A. won’t understand C. understood
B. don’t understand D. not understand
4. If you aren’t able to finish the letter now, ___ it later.
A. you could have done C. you can do
B. you have done D. you will can do
5. If I ___ you, I would take the job and then ask for more
money.
A. had been C. were 91
B. am D. will be
6. If you ___ to cancel your reservation, please do so forty-
eight hours before the date.
A. needed C. need
B. will need D. had need
7. Their marriage wouldn’t be so good if they ___ so well
with each other.
A. communicated C. don’t communicate
B. didn’t communicate D. communicate
8. If we don’t entertain our out-of-town buyers, they ___
such big orders.
A. will place C. would place
B. might not place D. wouldn’t place
9. Come to our next picnic if you ___ the chance.
A. have C. had
B. will have D. don’t have
10. If I didn’t think the gym was helping me feel better, I
___ my membership.
A. would be renewing C. will be renewing
B. wouldn’t be renewing D can’t renew 92
 Homework
Part 5: Two-word Verbs
Strategy Practice
pp. 124 – 128
Part 6: Words in Context
Pronouns
Subject-verb agreement
pp. 130 – 137
Part 3: Identifying Intent
Identifying the Topic
pp. 305 -306 93
 Two-word verbs/p.124
1. The new lawyer has gone to ___ the file.
A. look away C. look into
B. look for D. look out
2. Who will ___ the advertising manager’s projects why she
is on vacation?
A. take away C. take over
B. take up D. take off
3. The personnel officer believes that we can ___ with our
present staff.
A. get off C. get up
B. get by D. get on
4. The chairwoman decided to ___ sending the letter until
Monday.
A. take on C. put off
B. keep up D. pick up
5. Could you show me how to ___ the copy machine?
A. take hold C. find out
94
B. turn on D. leave off
6. Please ___ this article for any typos or other errors.
A. check into C. look over
B. look for D. check up
7. Did I tell you? I ___ Ms. Flynn at the conference.
A. ran over C. found out
B. ran into D. brought up
8. I can’t find the Simpson will anywhere. I ___!
A. give up C. give over
B. give out D. give back
9. You don’t need to give me your decision right now. ___ .
A. check it over C. think it over
B. look it over D. turn it over
10. When you get to Hong Kong, are you going to ___ Mr.
Cao?
A. call on C. call off
95
B. look through D. pick off
- Take over sth = be responsible for
- Get by with sb = get along with sb = be in good
relationship with sb
- Put sth off = postpone = delay
- Turn sth on = switch sth on = operate
- Check up = find some problems with the body
- Look over sth = read carefully
- Run into sb = bump into sb = meet sb suddenly
- Give up = surrender = stop doing sth
- Think sth over = give a second thought = think
sth carefully again
96
- Call on sb = drop by sb = pay a visit to sb
 Strategy practice/p.127
1. The office manager prefers her coffee with cream ___
sugar.
A. but C. and
B. nor D. plus
2. Office hours will be from 8:30 ___ 5:00.
A. at C. by
B. to D. toward
3. If the secretary ___ where the missing files are, we can
stop looking for them.
A. knew C. had known
B. would know D. knows
4. The cashier has to turn the key ___ to open the safe.
A. clocked C. clockwise
B. clock D. clocking
5. The chairman of the board is not ___; he has been
married for two years.
A. singular C. only 97
B. single D. sole
6. When the president arrived, everyone ___.
A. has left already C. already left
B. had already left D. left already
7. Mr. Hao was able to get the envelops ___ before the
mail carrier arrived.
A. addressed C. were addressing
B. were addressed D. being addressed
8. Since many of our clients insist on French food, we ___
make reservations for lunch at the restaurant.
A. often have C. have often to
B. have to often D. often have to
9. ___ you finish typing that report, make five copies of it
and give it to all of the officers.
A. while C. but
B. when D. although
10. let’s have this letter ___ by express mail.
A. sends C. sent
98
B. send D. being sent
11. Since we need to know who belongs to this
organization, could you have the computer do a
printout of the entire ___.
A. membership C. members
B. remembrances D. memories
12. Ms. Parker was very ___ with the answers the job
applicant gave during the interview.
A. impress C. impression
B. impressionable D. impressed
13. I’ll stay late tonight if we ___ by 5:00.
A. did not finish C. had not finished
B. do not finish D. will not finish
14. The final draft will be completed ___ Wednesday.
A. to C. on
B. at D. from
15.The benefits program ___ in the next few months.
A. had changed C. changed
99
B. were changed D. will be changed
16. Mr. Honda is a terrific worker. He ___ two promotions this
year.
A. Has been giving C. was given
B. Gave D. giving
17. If we keep ___ like this, we should have done before the
deadline.
A. Working C. to work
B. Worked D. work
18. I don’t need those statistics right now, but please have
them ready ___ five o’clock.
A. On C. in
B. By D. since
19. I’ll be home for dinner unless the boss ___ me to work
overtime.
A. Will ask C. asks
B. Is asking D. asked
20. Make sure you get these contracts ___ before you meet
with the lawyer.
A. Signed C. signing 100

B. To sign D sign