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1.0 Complex Numbers
1.2 Trigonometric Form for
Complex Numbers
Slide 6-1
8.1 Complex Numbers
i 1
2
and i 1
i is the imaginary unit
Numbers in the form a + bi are called complex
numbers
a is the real part
b is the imaginary part
If a 0, then a i a .
Slide 8-2
Examples
a) b)
25 i 25 5i 30 i 30
c)
125 i 125 i 25 5 5i 5
d) 3 3 i 3 i 3 e) 98 98
3
2
49 49
i 2
98
1 3 i i 2
49
3
Slide 8-3
Example: Solving Quadratic
Equations
Solve x = 25
Take the square root on both sides.
x 2 25
x 2 25
x i 25
x 5i
The solution set is {5i}.
Slide 8-4
Another Example
Solve: x2 + 54 = 0
x 2 54 0
x 2 54
x 54
x i 54 i 9 6
x 3i 6
The solution set is 3i 6.
Slide 8-5
Example: Products and Quotients
Multiply: Divide: 56
8 8. .
8
56 i 56
8 8 i 8 i 8
8 8
8
2
i
2
i 1
2
56
i
1 8 8
8 i 7
Slide 8-6
Addition and Subtraction of Complex Numbers
(a bi ) (c di ) (a c) (b d )i
(a bi ) (c di ) (a c) (b d )i
Examples
Slide 8-7
Multiplication of Complex
Numbers
For complex numbers a + bi and c + di,
Slide 8-8
Examples: Multiplying
(2 4i)(3 + 5i) (7 + 3i)2
Slide 8-9
Powers of i
i1 = i i5 = i i9 = i
i2 = 1 i6 = 1 i10 = 1
i3 = i i7 = i i11 = i
i4 = 1 i8 = 1 i12 = 1
and so on.
Slide 8-10
Simplifying Examples
i17 i4
i4 = 1 1 1
4
1
i 1
i17 = (i4)4 • i
= 1•i
=i
Slide 8-11
Property of Complex Conjugates
For real numbers a and b, Example
(a + bi)(a bi) = a2 + b2. 5 3i
2i
(5 3i )(2 i )
(2 i )(2 i )
The product of a complex
10 5i 6i 3i 2
number and its conjugate
is always a real number. 4 i2
7 11i
5
7 11i
5 5
Slide 8-12
8.2 Trigonometric Form for Complex Numbers
Slide 8-13
Relationships Among x, y, r,
and
x r cos
y r sin
r x2 y2
y
tan , if x 0
x
Slide 8-14
Trigonometric (Polar) Form of
a Complex Number
The expression
r (cos i sin )
Slide 8-15
Example
Express 2(cos 120 + i sin 120) in rectangular form.
1 1 3
cos120 2(cos120 i sin120 ) 2 , i
2 2 2
3 1 i 3
sin120
2
Slide 8-16
Converting from Rectangular Form
to Trigonometric Form
Step 1 Sketch a graph of the number x + yi in
the complex plane.
indicated in Step 1.
Slide 8-17
Example
Example: Find trigonometric notation for 1 i.
First, find r.
1 2 1 2
r a b
2 2
sin cos
2 2 2 2
r (1) 2 (1) 2 5
r 2 4
Thus, 5 5 5
1 i 2 cos i sin or 2 cis
4 4 4
Slide 8-18
Product Theorem
If r1 cos1 i sin 1 and r2 cos 2 i sin 2 , are any
two complex numbers, then
Slide 8-19
Example: Product
Find the product of
4(cos50 i sin 50 ) and 2(cos10 i sin10 ).
4(cos50 isin50 ) 2(cos10 isin10 )
4 2 cos(50 10 ) isin(50 10 )
8(cos60 isin 60 )
1 3
8 i
2 2
4 4i 3
Slide 8-20
Quotient Theorem
If r1 cos1 i sin 1 and 2 2 r cos i sin 2
are any two complex numbers, where then
r2 cos 2 i sin 2 , r2 0,
r1 cos1 i sin 1 r1
cos 1 2 i sin 1 2 .
r2 cos 2 i sin 2 r2
In compact form, this is written
r1 cis 1 r1
cis 1 2
r2 cis 2 r2
Slide 8-21
Example: Quotient
Find the quotient.
16(cos 70 i sin 70 ) and 4(cos 40 i sin 40 )
16(cos70 isin 70 ) 16
4(cos 40 isin 40 )
=
4
cos(70 40 ) isin(70 40 )
4cos30 isin 30
3 1
4 i
2 2
2 3 2i
Slide 8-22
De Moivre’s Theorem
If r1 cos1 i sin 1 is a complex number, and if
n is any real number, then
cis n .
n
r cis r n
Slide 8-23
Example: Find (1 i)5 and express the result in
rectangular form.
4 2 cos1125 i sin1125
2 2
4 2 i
2 2
4 4i
Slide 8-24
nth Roots
For a positive integer n, the complex number
a + bi is an nth root of the complex number x + yi
if
a bi x yi.
n
Slide 8-25
nth Root Theorem
If n is any positive integer, r is a positive real
number, and is in degrees, then the nonzero
complex number r(cos + i sin ) has exactly n
distinct nth roots, given by
n
r cos i sin or n
r cis ,
where
360 k 360 k
or = , k 0,1,2,..., n 1.
n n n
Slide 8-26
Example: Square Roots
Find the square roots of
Trigonometric notation:
1 3i
1 3 i 2 cos60 isin60
1
60 360 60 360
1
2 cos60 isin60 2 cos k
2 2
isin k
2 2 2 2
2 cos 30 k 180 isin 30 k 180
For k = 0, root is
2 cos30 isin30
For k = 1, root is 2 cos 210 isin 210
Slide 8-27
Example: Fourth Root
Find all fourth roots of 8 8i 3. Write the
roots in rectangular form.
Write in trigonometric form.
8 8i 3 16 cis 120
Here r = 16 and = 120. The fourth roots of this
number have absolute value 4
16 2.
120 360 k
30 90 k
4 4
Slide 8-28
Example: Fourth Root
continued
There are four fourth roots, let k = 0, 1, 2 and 3.
k 0 30 90 0 30
k 1 30 90 1 120
k 2 30 90 2 210
k 3 30 90 3 300
Slide 8-29
Example: Fourth Root
continued
Written in rectangular
form
3i
1 i 3
3 i
1 i 3
Slide 8-30
Polar Coordinate System
The polar coordinate
system is based on a
point, called the pole, and
a ray, called the polar
axis.
Slide 8-31
Rectangular and Polar
Coordinates
If a point has rectangular coordinates (x, y) and
polar coordinates (r, ), then these coordinates
are related as follows.
x r cos y r sin
y
tan , x 0
r x2 y 2 x
Slide 8-32
Example
Plot the point on a polar
coordinate system. Then
determine the rectangular
coordinates of the point.
P(2, 30)
r = 2 and = 30, so point P
is located 2 units from the
origin in the positive
direction making a 30
angle with the polar axis.
Slide 8-33
Example continued
Using the conversion formulas:
x r cos y r sin
x 2cos30 y 2sin 30
3 1
x 2 3 y 2 1
2 2
The rectangular coordinates are 1
3, .
2
Slide 8-34
Example
Convert (4, 2) to polar coordinates.
r x2 y 2 2 1
tan
4 2
r 42 22
26.6
r 16 4
r 20 2 5
Slide 8-36
Example
Convert x + 2y = 10 into a polar equation.
x + 2y = 10
c
r
a cos b sin
10
r
1cos 2 sin
10
r
cos 2sin
Slide 8-37
Example
Graph r = 2 sin
r r
0 0 135 -
1.414
30 -1 150 -1
45 - 180 0
1.414
60 - 270 2
1.732
90 -2 315 1.414
120 - 330 1
1.732
Slide 8-38
Example
Graph r = 2 cos 3
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
Slide 8-39
Example
Convert r = 3 cos sin into a rectangular
equation.
r 3cos sin
r 2 3r cos r sin
x y 3 x y
2 2
x 2 3 x y y 2
Slide 8-40
Circles and Lemniscates
Slide 8-41
Limacons
Slide 8-42
Rose Curves
Slide 8-43