THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM:

1. Cardiovascular System
2. Lymphatic System

Group 3:
Encenzo, Reign Francis
Barbosa, Chio Dionne
Dumdum, Ma. Jella Mae
Falgui, Rose Therese
Juarez, Carl
 CARDIOVASCUL
AR SYSTEM
· A closed system composed of the blood,
heart and blood vessels
· The heart pumps blood
· Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all
parts of the body
· The function of the cardiovascular system
is to deliver oxygen and nutrients and to
remove carbon dioxide and other waste
products
 Blood
· Considered as the “essence of life”
· A specialized connective tissue that
serves as the main transporting
medium of the body
· Makes up 8% of the total body weight
· Composition:
55% liquid portion of blood - plasma
45% solid portion - red blood cells, white
blood cells, platelets
 The Heart

· The main pumping organ of the body

· Cone-shaped muscular organ about the size of a fist
· Location: Thorax or chest between the lungs
· Size: 12 cm in length, 8 cm wide, and 6 cm in
thickness
· Weight: 250–350 grams
· Covering of the Heart:
• Pericardium - double serous membrane that
covers the heart
• It is composed of:
1. Parietal Pericardium – outer layer
2. Visceral Pericardium – inner layer next to
the heart

The Heart
· Three Layers of the Heart Wall:

1. Epicardium
- Outside layer
- This layer is also the visceral pericardium
- Made up of connective tissue
2. Myocardium
- Middle layer
- Mostly cardiac muscle
3. Endocardium
- Inner layer
- Endothelium

The Heart
 Chambers of the Heart
• Atrium (Plural: Atria)
- have thin walls
- receive blood from the veins
and pump it into the ventricle

• Ventricles
- with much thicker walls
- pump the blood out of the
heart to all parts of the body
 The Heart (continued)
• Lef and right sides are separated by the ventricular
septum

• Between ventricle and its vessels, regulated by

semilunar valves:
- Pulmonary semilunar valves
- Aortic semilunar valve

• Atria and ventricles are separated by atrioventricular

valves:
– Tricuspid valve on the right
– Bicuspid valve or mitral valve on the lef

* Valves allow blood to flow in only one direction inside the

heart
 THE BLOOD VESSELS
• Types of Blood Vessels as to
Direction of Blood Flow 

– Arteries
– Capillaries
– Veins
• Arteries
– Carry oxygenated blood away from the heart
– Branched into arterioles connecting small arteries to
capillaries

• Capillaries
– Connect arterioles and venules
– About 0.5 to 1 mm long
– Could be found in the metabolic organs

• Veins
– Carry deoxygenated blood towards the heart
– Branched into venules, connecting small veins to capillaries
 Layers of the Blood Vessels
• Tunica Intima
– Inner layer
– Includes endothelium

• Tunica Media
– Middle layer
– Includes elastic and smooth muscle tissue
– Controlled by sympathetic nervous system

• Tunica Adventitia or Tunica Externa

– Outer layer
– Mostly fibrous connective tissue
Major Arteries of the Systematic Circulation

• Aorta – the largest artery of the body

– Ascending aorta
– Aortic arch
– Descending
Thoracic aorta
– Abdominal aorta
 Branches of the Ascending Aorta
• Right coronary artery
• Lef coronary artery
 Branches of the Aortic Arch
• Brachiocephalic trunk – first
branch of the aortic arch
• Lef common carotid artery
– second branch of the
aortic arch. Forms the:
- Lef internal carotid artery
(serves the brain)
- Lef external carotid artery
(serves the skin and muscle
of the head and neck)
 Branches of the Aortic Arch (continued)
• Lef subclavian artery – 3rd
branch of the aortic arch Forms
the:
– Vertebral artery (serves the part
of the brain)
– Axillary artery (serves the axillary
or armpit)
– Brachial artery (serves the upper
arm)
– Radial artery (serves the forearm)
– Ulnar artery (also serves the
forearm)
 Branches of the Thoracic Aorta
• Intercostal arteries –
supply the muscles of
the chest
• Bronchial arteries –
supply the lungs
• Esophageal arteries –
supply the esophagus
• Phrenic arteries –
supply the diaphragm
 Branches of the Abdominal Aorta
• Celiac trunk – first
branch of the abdominal
aorta. It forms the:
– Lef gastric artery
(supplies the stomach)
– Splenic artery (supplies
the spleen)
– Common hepatic artery
(supplies the liver)
 Branches of the Abdominal Aorta (continued)
• Renal arteries - supply the kidneys
• Gonadal arteries – supply the gonads
• Lumbar arteries – supply the heavy
muscles of the abdomen and trunk
walls
• Inferior mesenteric artery – supply
the second half of the large intestine
• Common iliac arteries – final
branches of the abdominal aorta
• Femoral artery – supply the thigh
• Anterior and Posterior Tibial arteries
– supply the leg and foot
Major Veins of the Systematic Circulation
• Superior Vena Cava
• Inferior Vena Cava
 Veins of Superior Vena Cava
• Cephalic vein – drains the lateral
part of the arm
• Basilic vein – drains the medial part
of the arm
• Radial and Ulnar veins – drains the
forearm
 Veins of Superior Vena Cava (continued)
• Vertebral vein – drains the posterior part
of the head
• Subclavian vein – receives venous blood
from the arm
• Internal jugular vein – drains the dural
sinuses of the brain
• Brachiocephalic veins – large veins that
receive venous drainage from the
subclavian, vertebral, and internal jugular
veins
 Veins of Inferior Vena Cava
• Renal veins – drain the kidneys
• Hepatic veins – drain the liver
• Right gonadal vein – drains the
right ovary in females and the
right testicle in males
• Anterior and posterior tibial
veins and the fibular vein –
drain the leg
• Great saphenous veins –
longest vein in the body
• Popliteal vein
 Comparisons

• The cardiovascular systems of

animals differ in the number of
heart chambers and the number
of circuits through which the
blood flows
 Simple Circulatory Systems

The circulatory system varies from simple

systems in invertebrates to more complex
systems in vertebrates. The simplest animals,
such as the sponges (Porifera) and rotifers
(Rotifera), do not need a circulatory system
because they only have one layer. Instead they
use Diffusion .
 DIFFUSION
• The adequate exchange of water, nutrients,
waste, and dissolved gases.
 Organisms that are more complex, but still
have only two layers of cells in their body plan,
such as jellies (Cnidaria) and comb jellies
(Ctenophora), also use diffusion through their
epidermis and internally through the
gastrovascular compartment. Both their
internal and external tissues are bathed in an
aqueous environment and exchange fluids by
diffusion on both sides. Exchange of fluids is
assisted by the pulsing of the body.
Animals without circulatory systems
Simple animals consisting of a single cell layer, such as the (a) sponge, or
only a few cell layers, such as the (b) jellyfish, do not have a circulatory
system. Instead, gases, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged by diffusion.
 2 CHAMBERED HEART

A two-chambered heart that has only a single

atrium and a single ventricle.
 FISH CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
The atrium collects blood that has returned from the
body, while the ventricle pumps the blood to the gills
where gas exchange occurs and the blood is re-
oxygenated; this is called gill circulation. The blood then
continues through the rest of the body before arriving
back at the atrium; this is called systemic circulation.
This unidirectional flow of blood produces a gradient
of oxygenated to deoxygenated blood around the fish's
systemic circuit. The result is a limit in the amount of
oxygen that can reach some of the organs and tissues of
the body, reducing the overall metabolic capacity of fish.
 3 CHAMBERED HEART
A three-chambered heart that has two atria and
one ventricle.
 AMPHIBIAN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM

In amphibians, blood flow is directed in two circuits:

one through the lungs and back to the heart (pulmonary
circulation) and the other throughout the rest of the
body and its organs, including the brain (systemic
circulation). The two atria receive blood from the two
different circuits (the lungs and the systems).
There is some mixing of the blood in the heart's
ventricle, which reduces the efficiency of oxygenation.
The advantage to this arrangement is that high pressure
in the vessels pushes blood to the lungs and body.
 REPTILE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
Most reptiles also have a three-chambered heart
similar to the amphibian heart that directs blood to
the pulmonary and systemic circuits The ventricle is
divided more effectively by a partial septum, which
results in less mixing of oxygenated and
deoxygenated blood. Some reptiles (alligators and
crocodiles) are the most primitive animals to exhibit
a four-chambered heart. Crocodilians have a unique
circulatory mechanism where the heart shunts blood
from the lungs toward the stomach and other organs
during long periods of submergence.
 4 CHAMBERED HEART

The heart is also divided into four chambers:

two atria and two ventricles.
MAMMAL AND BIRD CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
In mammals and birds, the heart is also
divided into four chambers: two atria and two
ventricles. The oxygenated blood is separated
from the deoxygenated blood, which improves
the efficiency of double circulation and is
probably required for the warm-blooded
lifestyle of mammals and birds. The four-
chambered heart of birds and mammals evolved
independently from a three-chambered heart.
The Lymphatic System
LYMPH NODES
THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

 Two parts
Lymphatic vessels
Lymphoid tissues and organs
 Lymphatic system functions
Transport fluids back to the blood
Play essential roles in body defense and
resistance to disease
 Absorb digested fat at the intestinal villi
LYMPHATIC CHARACTERISTICS

 Lymph – excess tissue fluid carried by

lymphatic vessels
 Properties of lymphatic vessels
One way system toward the heart
No pump
Lymph moves toward the heart
 Milking action of skeletal muscle
 Rhythmic contraction of smooth muscle
in vessel walls
LYMPHATIC VESSELS
LYMPHATIC VESSELS
Lymphatic
collecting vessels
Collects lymph from
lymph capillaries
Carries lymph to
and away from lymph
nodes
 LYMPHATIC VESSELS

Lymphatic collecting
vessels (continued)
Returns fluid to
circulatory veins near
the heart
Right lymphatic
duct
Thoracic duct
LYMPH

 Materials returned to the blood

Water
Blood cells
Proteins
LYMPH

 Harmful materials that enter

lymph vessels
Bacteria

Viruses

Cancer cells
Cell debris
LYMPH NODES

 Filterlymph before it is returned

to the blood
 Defense cells within lymph nodes
Macrophages – engulf and destroy
foreign substances
Lymphocytes – provide immune
response to antigens
LYMPH NODES
LYMPH NODE STRUCTURE
OTHER LYMPHOID ORGANS

Several other
organs contribute to
lymphatic function
Spleen
Thymus
Tonsils
Peyer’s patches
THE SPLEEN

 Located on the left side of the abdomen

 Filters blood
 Destroys worn out blood cells
 Forms blood cells in the fetus
 Acts as a blood reservoir
THE THYMUS

 Located low in the throat, overlying

the heart
 Functions at peak levels only during
childhood
 Produces hormones (like thymosin) to
program lymphocytes
MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHATIC
TISSUE (MALT)

 Includes:

Peyer’s patches
Tonsils

Othersmall accumulations of
lymphoid tissue
 Actsas a guard to protect
respiratory and digestive tracts
TONSILS

· Small masses of lymphoid tissue

around the pharynx
· Trap and remove bacteria and other
foreign materials
· Tonsillitis is caused by congestion with
bacteria
PEYER'S PATCHES

 Found in the wall of the small intestine

 Resemble tonsils in structure
 Capture and destroy bacteria in the
intestine
PEYER'S PATCHES
 DIFFERENTIATION OF
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
MAMMALIA AMPHIBIA CHONDRICHTHYES OSTEICHTHYES AVES

LYMPH present unknown absent absent present

NODES

SPLEEN present present present present present

THYMUS present present present present present

PEYER’S present unknown unknown unknown present

PATCHES