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Acidogenesis
Organic Acids
Acetogenesis
Acetate – H2 / CO2
Methanogenesis
CH4 + CO2
LIQUEFACTION GASIFICATION
PHASE PHASE
COMPLEX
SIMPLE ACETATE
ORGANIC
ORGANICS H2 / CO2
MATTER
ACIDOGENS METHANOGENS
Animal husbandry
Crop harvesting
Industrial processing CO2
H2O
Human consumption
Energy Biofertilizer
crops Electrical and/or
thermal energy
*APITCO Survey
Experimentally introduced in the 1930's.
First research on Sewage Purification Station at
Dadar in Bombay, undertaken by S.V. Desai and
N.V. Joshi of the Soil Chemistry Division, Indian
Agriculture Research Institute, New Delhi.
The early plants were very expensive, not cost
effective, and not producing enough gas.
Some of the early models were also prone to burst,
so the technology was not viable for dissemination.
In 1956, Jashu Bhai J Patel developed a design of
floating drum biogas plant popularly known as Gobar
Gas plant.
In 1961, Khadi and Village Industry Commission (KVIC)
promoted Jashbhai Patel's design, which was later
known as KVIC model.
Planning Research and Action Division (PRAD) based in
Uttar Pradesh developed the 'Janata' fixed-dome plant -
a modified chinese design.
Janata system is about 30% cheaper than a KVIC
model.
1984 - Action for Food Production (AFPRO), New Delhi
developed Deenbandhu model (an improved version of
Janata model).
30 percent cheaper than Janata Model and 45 percent
cheaper than KVIC model.
Presently, designs and models are galore in market.
Classification of biogas plant
Biogas Digesters
For For
Insoluble wastes Soluble wastes
(also called as High-strength wastes) (also called as low-strength wastes)
Conventional biogas plants in India
Flexi Model KVIC type plant with ferrocement digester and fibre
glass reinforced plastic gas holder
Pragati model
Characteristics of floating drum type
Inlet pipe: The slurry is moved into the digester through the inlet pipe/tank.
Mixing tank: The feed material like dung is gathered in the mixing tank.
Using sufficient water, the material is thoroughly mixed till a homogeneous
slurry is formed.
Digester: Inside the digester, the slurry is fermented. Biogas is produced
through bacterial action.
Gas holder or gas storage dome: The biogas thus formed gets collected in
the gas holder. It holds the gas till the time it is transported for consumption.
Outlet pipe: The slurry is discharged into the outlet tank. This is done
through the outlet pipe or the opening in the digester.
Gas Pipeline: The gas pipeline carries the gas to the utilization point like a
stove or lamp
Fixed dome type biogas plant
( Janta biogas plant)
Deenbandhu biogas plant
Plinth level
Slurry
Discharge
Hole
Displacement Chamber
Inlet Pipe Initial slurry level
Outlet gate
Digester
Foundation
Second step
Second step
Stage I
Stage II
Contd..
Open Gate Valve
Open Gate Valve
P.L P.L
Baffled reactor
Expanded bed
Expanded granular sludge bed (EGSB)
Continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR)
Fluidized-bed reactor
Fully packed upflow
Hybrid flow
Rotating biological contactor
Thin-film bioreactor
Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket (UASB)
What are sludge granules?
Working :
Feed passes upwards through an anaerobic sludge bed where
the microorganisms in the sludge come into contact with
substrates.
Sludge bed is composed of microorganisms that naturally form
granules (pellets) of 0.5 to 2 mm diameter
Sludge bed have a high sedimentation velocity i.e. resist wash-
out from the system even at high hydraulic loads.
Resulting anaerobic degradation process is responsible for
production of biogas.
Contd..
Buffer tank
5. SRT is the same as the HRT Minimal HRT to reduce digester volume
and capital costs. Maximal SRT is
desired to achieve process stability and
minimal sludge production.
One m3 of biogas is equivalent to
*The cost is higher by 30 per cent and 50 per cent in hilly areas and North Eastern Region
States, respectively.
MNRE
Biogas consumed for different applications
Use Specification Quantity of gas
consumed (m3 /hr)
2" burner 0.33