VOIP TECHNOLOGY

Presented by-
Gautam Mainkar (G-46)
Akhil Malhotra (G-47)
Vivek Mandlik (G-48)
Shrikant Modi (G-49)
Sonal Nagda (G-50)
What is VOIP?
Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is a
technology that enables one to make and receive
phone calls through the Internet instead of using
the traditional analog PSTN (Public Switched
Telephone Network) lines.
 Why VoIP?
Can make and receive calls with / without a computer
Can surf the net while making calls
Can make local / long distance calls
Can make and receive call to / from PSTN
 Cost effective
 Digital features not commonly available on PSTN lines such as:
 voicemail,
 caller ID,
 conference a n d s o n.
Flavors of VoIP
 ATA
 Connects a standard phone to a computer or an Internet
connection for use with VoIP.
 The ATA is an analog-to-digital converter.

 IP Phones
 connect directly to a router and have all the hardware and
software necessary right onboard to handle the IP call.

 Computer-to-computer
 There are several companies offering free or very low-cost
software that you can use for this type of VoIP.
 All you need is the software, a microphone, speakers, a sound card
and an Internet connection
How does VoIP work?

VoIP converts the voice signal

from your telephone into a
digital signal that travels over
the Internet. If you are calling a
regular phone number, the
signal is then converted back at
the other end. Internet Voice
can allow you to make a call
directly from a personal
computer. If you make a call
using a phone with an adaptor,
you’ll be able to dial just as you
always have.
PACKET SWITCHING
 The users voice (or fax) is converted into a digital signal, compressed, and
broken down into a series of packets.

 The packets are then transported over private or public IP networks and
reassembled and decoded on the receiving side.

 At the receiving end, the re-assembled packets arrive as a normal

sounding voice call.

 Packet switching is very efficient. It lets the network route the packets along
the least congested and cheapest lines. It also frees up the two computers
communicating with each other so that they can accept information from
other computers, as well.
CHALLENGES
 Some VoIP service providers may have limitations to their 911 service.
 Some VoIP services don’t work during power outages
 VoIP is susceptible to worms, viruses and hacking.
 Because VoIP uses an Internet connection, it's susceptible to all the hiccups
normally associated with home broadband services. All of these factors affect
call quality:
 Latency
 Jitter
 Packet loss
 Phone conversations can become distorted, garbled or lost because of
transmission errors.
 V o I P – C O D E C S
A codec, which stands for coder-decoder, converts an audio signal into
compressed digital form for transmission and then back into an uncompressed
audio signal for replay. It's the essence of VoIP.

Codecs sample the audio signal several thousand times per second.

Summary of available codecs:

G.711 64 kbps
G.721 32 kbps
G.728 16 kbps
G.729 8 kbps

VoIP software processes and routes the calls.

Soft Switches and Protocols
 Soft Switches- where to send data?
 It contains a database of users and phone numbers. If it doesn't have the
information it needs, it hands off the request downstream to other soft switches
until it finds one that can answer the request.

 VoIP-Protocols:-

 H.323 -
 ITU-Standard initially a multimedia conferencing protocol.
 Defines all aspects of call transmission, from call establishment to capabilities exchange to network
resource availability.

 SIP -
 IETF’s standard for establishing VOIP connections.
 Defines how sessions are to be set up and torn down.
 Q o s - i n V o I P
 Quality of Service is essential for the success of VoIP.

 The human ear is extremely sensitive to even minor changes in an audio

signal.

 Loss of quality occurs when the voice packets are transferred over the
inherently unreliable packet-based networks.
 Q o s - i n V o I P
 Some methods to enhance the QoS achieved in VoIP are:

 Classification of Service: Using the TOS bits in the IP header to set a

priority for the voice packet.

 Tagging the packets with labels and using the labels to decide the route.
Voice. Packets can be routed over less congested networks.

 Reserving resources to meet requirements for bandwidth, delay, jitter, etc.

along a particular path through a series of routers.
CREDITS
 http://communication.howstuffworks.com/ip-telephony.htm
 http://www.fcc.gov/voip/
 http://www.discover-voip.info/branded-voip/branded-voip.html
 http://www.packetizer.com/ipmc/papers/understanding_voip/hype_vs
_reality.html