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 Arrays
◦ Array is data structure
◦ Array is collection of elements of same data type or
we can also say that array is collection of variables
of same type.
◦ Array stores the elements in the sequential manner
◦ Lowest address of an array corresponds to the first
element.
◦ Highest address of an array corresponds to the last
element.
◦ Static entity (same size throughout program)

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 Array
◦ Consecutive group of memory locations
◦ Same name and type (int, char, etc.)
 To refer to an element
◦ Specify array name and position number (index)
◦ Format: arrayname[ position number ]
◦ First element at position 0
 N-element array c
c[ 0 ], c[ 1 ] … c[ n - 1 ]
◦ Nth element as position N-1

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 Array elements like other variables
◦ Assignment, printing for an integer array c
c[ 0 ] = 3;
cout << c[ 0 ];
 Can perform operations inside subscript
c[ 5 – 2 ] same as c[3]

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Name of array (Note
that all elements of
this array have the
same name, c)

c[0] -45
c[1] 6
c[2] 0
c[3] 72
c[4] 1543
c[5] -89
c[6] 0
c[7] 62
c[8] -3
c[9] 1
c[10] 6453
c[11] 78

Position number of the

element within array c

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 When declaring arrays, specify
◦ Name
◦ Type of array
 Any data type
◦ Number of elements
◦ type arrayName[ arraySize ];
int c[ 10 ]; // array of 10 integers
float d[ 3284 ]; // array of 3284 floats

 Declaring multiple arrays of same type

◦ Use comma separated list, like regular variables
int b[ 100 ], x[ 27 ];

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 Initializing arrays
◦ For loop
 Set each element
◦ Initializer list
 Specify each element when array declared
int n[ 5 ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
 If not enough initializers, rightmost elements 0
 If too many syntax error
◦ To set every element to same value
int n[ 5 ] = { 0 };
◦ If array size omitted, initializers determine size
int n[] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 };
 5 initializers, therefore 5 element array

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 #include <iostream> Declare a 10-element array of
void main() integers.
{
int n[ 10 ]; // n is an array of 10 integers
Initialize array to 0 using a
// initialize elements of array n to 0 for loop. Note that the array
for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ ) has elements n[0] to n[9].
n[ i ] = 0; // set element at location i to 0

cout << "Element“ <<setw(15)<< "Value" << endl;

// output contents of array n in tabular format

for ( int j = 0; j < 10; j++ )
cout <<j<<setw(15)<< n[ j ] << endl;
} // end main

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Element Value
0 0
1 0
2 0
3 0
4 0
5 0
6 0
7 0
8 0
9 0

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 #include <iostream> Note the use of the initializer
void main() list.
{
// use initializer list to initialize array n
int n[ 10 ] = { 32, 27, 64, 18, 95, 14, 90, 70, 60, 37 };

cout << "Element“ << "Value" << endl;

// output contents of array n in tabular format

for ( int i = 0; i < 10; i++ )
cout << i<<setw(10)<<n[ i ] << endl;
} // end main

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Element Value
0 32
1 27
2 64
3 18
4 95
5 14
6 90
7 70
8 60
9 37

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 Array size
◦ Can be specified with constant variable (const)
 const int size = 20;
◦ Constants cannot be changed
◦ Constants must be initialized when declared
◦ Also called named constants or read-only variables

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 #include <iostream>
Note use of const keyword.
void main() Only const variables can
{ specify array sizes.

// constant variable can be

Theused
programto specify
becomes more array size
const int arraySize = 10; scalable when we set the array
size using a const variable.
We can change arraySize,
int s[ arraySize ]; // arrayand
s all
hasthe 10
loopselements
will still
work (otherwise, we’d have to
for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++
update every) loop
// inset
the the values
s[ i ] = 2 + 2 * i;
program).

cout << "Element“ <<setw(15)<< "Value" << endl;

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 // output contents of array s in tabular format
for ( int j = 0; j < arraySize; j++ )
cout << j <<setw(15)<< s[ j ] << endl;
} // end main

Element Value
0 2
1 4
2 6
3 8
4 10
5 12
6 14
7 16
8 18
9 20

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 #include <iostream> Proper initialization of
void main() const variable.
{
const int x = 7; // initialized constant variable

cout << "The value of constant variable x is: “

<< x << endl;
} // end main

The value of constant variable x is: 7

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 void main()
{
const int x; // Error: x must be initialized

x = 7; // Error: cannot modify a const variable

} // end main

d:\cpphtp4_examples\ch04\Fig04_07.cpp(6) : error C2734: 'x' :

const object must be initialized if not extern
d:\cpphtp4_examples\ch04\Fig04_07.cpp(8) : error C2166:
l-value specifies const object

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 #include <iostream>
void main()
{
const int arraySize = 10;

int a[ arraySize ] = { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 };

int total = 0;

// sum contents of array a

for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ )
total += a[ i ];

cout << "Total of array element values is " << total << endl;
} // end main

Total of array element values is 55

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 #include <iostream>
void main()
{
const int arraySize = 10;
int n[ arraySize ] = { 19, 3, 15, 7, 11, 9, 13, 5, 17, 1 };
cout << "Element“ << "Value“<< "Histogram" <<
endl;
// for each element of array n, output a bar in
histogram
for ( int i = 0; i < arraySize; i++ ) {
cout << i << setw(15)<<n[ i ];corresponding
Prints asterisks
to size of array element,
for ( int j = 0; j < n[ in[i].
]; j++ ) // print one bar
cout <<setw(15)<< '*';

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 cout << endl; // start next line of output

} // end outer for structure

} // end main

Element Value Histogram

0 19 *******************
1 3 ***
2 15 ***************
3 7 *******
4 11 ***********
5 9 *********
6 13 *************
7 5 *****
8 17 *****************
9 1 *

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 One Dimensional Array

 Two Dimensional Array

 Multi Dimensional Array

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 A one-dimensional array is a structured
collection of components (often called array
elements) that can be accessed individually
by specifying the position of a component
with a single index value.

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 DataType ArrayName [ConstIntExpression];

 int number[5];

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 number[0] specifies the 1st component of the number array
 number[1] specifies the 2nd component of the number array
 number[2] specifies the 3rd component of the number array
 number[3] specifies the 4th component of the number array
 number[4] specifies the 5th component of the number array
 .
 .
 .
 number[48] specifies the 2nd last component of the number
array
 number[49] specifies the last component of the number
array

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 #include<iostream.h>
 #include<conio.h>
 Void main()
 {
 clrscr();
 int arr[5]={4,9,2,7,5};
 int largest_num=arr[0];
 for(int a=o;a<5;a++)
 if(arr[a]>largest_num)
 largest_num=arr[a];
 cout<<“Largest Number: ”<<largest_num;
 getch();
 }

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 a collection of a fixed number of components
arranged in two dimensions.
- All components are of the same type
 The syntax for declaring a two-dimensional
array is:
- dataType arrayName[rowsize][colsize];
 where rowsize and colsize are expressions
yielding positive integer values

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 The two expressions rowsize and colsize
specify the number of rows and the number
of columns, respectively, in the array

 Two-dimensional arrays are sometimes called

matrices or tables

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 The syntax to access a component of a two-
dimensional array is:
arrayName[indexexp1][indexexp2]
where indexexp1 and indexexp2 are
expressions yielding nonnegative integer
values
 indexexp1 specifies the row position and
indexexp2 specifies the column position

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 A two-dimensional array can be processed
in three different ways:
1. Process the entire array

2. Process a particular row of the array, called row

processing

3. Process a particular column of the array, called

column processing

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 Each row and each column of a two-
dimensional array is a one-dimensional
array

 When processing a particular row or column

of a two-dimensional array
◦ we use algorithms similar to processing one-
dimensional arrays

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 #include <iostream>

void main()
{
int 2DArray[5][6] = { { 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6},
{ 7, 8, 9, 0, 1, 2},
{ 3, 4, 5} };

for (int i = 0; i < 5; i++)

{
for (int j = 0; j < 6; j++)
{
cout << 2DArray [i][j]<<“ ”;
}
cout << endl;
}

cout << endl;

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1 2 3 4 5 6
7 8 9 0 1 2
3 4 5 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0

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 C++ allows multidimensional arrays.
 Syntax for declaring multidimensional array
is:
 int arr[3][5][7];
 Two dimensional array is also known as two
dimensional array.

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 Strings
◦ Arrays of characters
◦ All strings end with null ('\0')
◦ Examples
 char string1[] = "hello";
 Null character implicitly added
 string1 has 6 elements
 char string1[] = { 'h', 'e', 'l', 'l',
'o', '\0’ };
◦ Subscripting is the same
String1[ 0 ] is 'h'
string1[ 2 ] is 'l'

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 Input from keyboard
char string2[ 10 ];
cin >> string2;
◦ Puts user input in string
 Stops at first whitespace character
 Adds null character
◦ If too much text entered, data written beyond array
 We want to avoid this
 Printing strings
◦ cout << string2 << endl;
 Does not work for other array types
◦ Characters printed until null found

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 #include <iostream> Two different ways to declare
void main() strings. string2 is
{ initialized, and its size
determined automatically .
char string1[ 20 ]; // reserves 20 characters
char string2[] = "string literal"; // reserves 15 characters

// read string from user into array string2

cout << "Enter the string \"hello there\": ";
cin >> string1; // reads "hello" [space terminates input]
Examples of reading strings
from the keyboard and
// output strings printing them out.
cout << "string1 is: " << string1
<< "\nstring2 is: " << string2;

cout << "\nstring1 with spaces between characters is:\n";

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 // output characters until null character is reached
for ( int i = 0; string1[ i ] != '\0'; i++ )
cout << string1[ i ] << ' '; Can access the characters in a
string using array notation.
cin >> string1; // reads "there“ The loop ends when the null
cout << "\nstring1 is: " << string1 << endl; character is found.

} // end main

Enter the string "hello there": hello there

string1 is: hello
string2 is: string literal
string1 with spaces between characters is:
h e l l o
string1 is: there

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 Recall static storage
◦ If static, local variables save values between
function calls
◦ Visible only in function body
◦ Can declare local arrays to be static
 Initialized to zero
static int array[3];
 If not static
◦ Created (and destroyed) in every function call

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 Specify name without brackets
◦ To pass array myArray to myFunction
int myArray[ 24 ];
myFunction( myArray, 24 );
◦ Array size usually passed, but not required
 Useful to iterate over all elements

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 Arrays passed-by-reference
◦ Functions can modify original array data
◦ Value of name of array is address of first element
 Function knows where the array is stored
 Can change original memory locations
 Individual array elements passed-by-value
◦ Like regular variables
◦ square( myArray[3] );

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 A sequence of zero or more characters
enclosed in double quote marks (e.g., “hello”)

 Internally (by the compiler) C-stings are

terminated with null (‘\0’) in memory
 (the last character in a string is the null-
character)

 char str[80] = “Hello”

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 There is a difference between 'A' and "A"
 –'A' is the character A
 –"A" is the string A
 Because strings are terminated with null, "A"
represents two characters, 'A' and '\0‘
 Similarly, "Hello" contains six characters, 'H',
'e', 'l', 'l', 'o', and '\0'

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 Similar to declaration of any array
 char name[30];
 // no initialization
 char title [20] = "Le Grande Fromage";
 // initialized at declaration
 // with a string
 char chList [10] = {'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'};
 // initialized with list of char
 // values

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 When a character array is declared, it is legal
to use the assignment operator to initialize

 Note : use of the “ = “ operator is legal only

for char array initialization

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 #include<iostream>
 #include<conio.h>
 int main()
 {
 const int MAX = 80; //maximum characters in a string
 char str[MAX]; //string variable str
 cout<< “Enter a string \n”;
 cin>>str; //put string in str
 cout<< “You entered: ” << str << endl; //display string from str
 getch();
 }

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 Strcpy();
 Strcat();
 Strlen();
 Strcmp();
 Strchr();
 Strstr();

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 Copy string
 Copies the string pointed by source into the
array pointed by destination, including the
terminating null character (and stopping at
that
 point).

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 #include<iostream.h>
 #include<conio.h>
 #include<string.h>
 void main()
 {
 char arr[50];
 strcpy(arr,”Test Program”);
 cout<<endl<<”Copied Text: ”<<arr;
 getch();
 }
 Press ctrl + f9 to run the program.
 Output:
 Copied Text:TestProgram

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 Concatenate strings
 Appends a copy of the source string to
the destination string. The terminating null
character in destination is overwritten by the
first character of source, and a null-character
is included at the end of the new string
formed by the concatenation of both
in destination.

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 #include<iostream.h>
 #include<conio.h>
 #include<string.h>
 void main()
 {
 char arr[50]={“Shaheed Benazir Bhutto”};
 strcat(arr,” University”);
 cout<<endl<<arr;
 getch();
 }
 Press ctrl + f9 to run the program.
 Output:
 Shaheed Benazir Bhutto University

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 Get string length
 Returns the length of the string.

 void main()
 {
 char arr[50]={“Shaheed Benazir Bhutto”};
 int len = strlen(arr);
 cout<<endl<<”Length: ”<<len;
 getch();
 }
 Press ctrl + f9 to run the program.
 Output:
 Length: 33

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 Compare two strings
 Compares the string str1 to the string str2.

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 void main()
 {
 char arr1[50]={“ABCD”};
 char arr2[50]={“abcd”};
 int comp=strcmp(arr1,arr2);
 if(comp<0)
 cout<<endl<<arr1<<” is less than ”<<arr2;
 else if (comp>0)
 cout<<endl<<arr2<<” is less than ”<<arr1;
 else
 cout<<endl<<arr1<<” is equal to ”<<arr2;
 getch();
 }
 Press ctrl + f9 to run the program.
 Output:
 ABCD is less than abcd

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 Locate first occurrence of character in string
 Returns a pointer to the first occurrence
of character in the string str.

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 void main()
 {
 char *s;
 char arr[50]={“Test Program”};
 s=strchr(arr,’T’);
 if(s!=””)
 cout<<endl<<”Found a ‘T’ in ”<<s;
 getch();
 }
 Press ctrl + f9 to run the program.
 Output:
 Found a ‘T’ in Test program

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 Locate substring
 Returns a pointer to the first occurrence
of str2 in str1, or a null pointer if str2 is not
part of str1.

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 void main()
 {
 char arr1[50]={“Java Programming”};
 char arr2[50]={“Java Programming”};
 char *subst;
 subst=strstr(arr1,arr2);
 cout<<endl<<”Substring is: ”<<subst;
 getch();
 }
 Press ctrl + f9 to run the program.
 Output:
 Substring is: Java Programming

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 What is sorting? Discuss in details, different
sorting techniques.
 Bubble sort
 Quick sort
 Merge sort

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