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 Construction builds the basic framework and infrastructure of a

country
 Reinforced concrete has been used successfully in the construction
industry since the beginning of this century
 One of the products traditionally used to reinforce concrete is plain
carbon steel
 Large number of reinforced structures are starting to show serious
signs of deterioration, particularly those over 30 years of age due to
corrosion of reinforcement
 This necessitates costly and time-consuming repairs and
maintenance of the structure

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 Rebar coatings
 Increased concrete cover
 Reduced water/cement ratios
 Corrosion inhibiting admixtures added to the concrete mix
 Cathodic protection
 Application of waterproofing membranes, penetrants and sealers on
concrete surfaces
Solution lies in providing the stainless steel which is resistant
to corrosion

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 Stainless steel is low carbon steel. It is an alloy of iron with chromium content over
10.5%.Also nickel, molybdenum and certain other alloying elements are added

 Chromium is the alloying element that imparts to stainless steel their corrosion
resistance qualities
Fig 1.Corrosion Resistance of Stainless steel

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 Austenitic
 Ferritic
 Austenitic- ferritic (duplex)
 Martensitic

Some of the commonly used grades of stainless steel for rebar

applications are type 304,316(austenitic) and 2205(duplex).

The alloy is selected based on mechanical properties and the expected

exposure or corrosivity of the service environment, i.e. the level of
corrosion resistance required.
It is made by adding nickel (from 8 to 25 percent) and increasing the
chromium level (from 17 to 25 percent). Molybdenum can also be
added (up to 7 percent) to increase the corrosion resistance

Basic properties:
• Excellent corrosion resistance in organic acid, industrial and marine
environments.
• Excellent weldability (all processes)
• Excellent formability, fabric ability and ductility
• Excellent clean ability, and hygiene characteristics
• Good high and excellent low temperature properties (high toughness at
all temperatures)
• Non magnetic (if annealed)
• Hard enable by cold work only

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Ferritic stainless steel has properties similar to mild steel but with
the better corrosion resistance. These alloys are somewhat less
ductile than the austenitic types. These are plain chromium
stainless steels with varying chromium content between 12 and
18%, but with low carbon content

Basic properties:

• Moderate to good corrosion resistance increasing with chromium content

• Not hard enable by heat treatment and always used in the annealed condition
Magnetic
• Weldability is poor
• Formability not as good as the austenitic

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Austenitic-ferritic (duplex) duplex stainless steels have a metallurgical structure
that is a combination of both ferritic and austenitic. They have a high chromium
content (from 18 to 26 percent) and a low nickel content (from 4 to 7 percent).
Most grades also contain some molybdenum (from 2 to 3 percent)

Basic properties:
 High resistance to stress corrosion cracking
 Increased resistance to chloride ion attack
 Higher tensile and yield strength than austenitic or ferritic steels
 Good weldability and formability
Martensitic

 Martensitic stainless steel contains mostly 11 to 13% chromium and is both strong
and hard with moderate corrosion resistance. Martensitic stainless steels were the
first stainless steels commercially developed (as cutlery) and have relatively high
carbon content (0.1 - 1.2%) compared to other stainless steels

Basic properties

Ø Moderate corrosion resistance

Ø Can be hardened by heat treatment and therefore high strength and hardness
levels can be achieved

Ø Poor weldability

Ø Magnetic

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 Is Stainless Steel Costly?

UNEXPECTED COST

ADDITIONAL OPERATING COST

REPLACEMENT COST

LOST PRODUCTION COST

MAINTAINANCE COST
INSTALLATION COST

INSTALLATTION COST
MATERIAL COST
MATERIAL COST

STAINLESS STEEL CARBON STEEL

 Initial cost of stainless steel products will definitely be higher.

 However to work out the cost of ownership and usage over the design life of the
structure, say 50 or 80 years, one has to include the initial cost and add the cost of
maintenance, repair, replacement, downtime and other factors.

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• This method called as the life cycle costing (LCC) analysis, will show how
much the choice of different materials is actually going to affect the cost of
ownership and use of the structure
• Viewed in this manner stainless steel always proves itself to be the most
cost-effective choice over the design life of the structure or the product
• The end result is always the same stainless steel is cost-effective to the user

EXAMPLES
• Take for instance the repair cost of Old Thane Creek Bridge.A-5 year life
extension after just 10 years of service cost eight times the original cost
(800% increase)
• Partial repair to Janak Sethu Bridge built in 1981 in Delhi cost Rs 32 crore in
1999, whereas the initial cost of the bridge was only Rs 9 crore (250%)
increase

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Actual Life Costing Example-Oland Bridge,Sweden

Fig 4
 On an average, most bridges need a repair between 18-22 years, at
an average cost of the original cost of the bridge itself.
 In the above example, the initial capital cost increase amounts to
4% for Type 304 and 8% for Type 316

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• The increase in overall cost of the project by the introduction of stainless steel
reinforcement bars can vary from 0.5% to 15% depending on the design.
• Maximum durability is obtained with total substitution of stainless steel rebar
in the structure.
• However, selective substitution is considered as a means of achieving
enhanced durability at minimum increase in initial cost.
• For example, enhanced durability can be achieved by substituting stainless
steel for carbon steel rebar in the parts of the bridge considered to be at high
risk to corrosion while the remainder of the reinforcement will be normal
carbon steel. (Schaffhausen Bridge - Only half percent increase in initial
project cost).

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Advantages
The following benefits of stainless rebar
• Corrosion resistance: When embedded in concrete, rebar made of S31600, for
example, shows superior (five to ten times better) resistance than that of carbon steel.
Stainless steel rebar has been used in several highway overpasses and parapets in the
U.K., Michigan, Oregon, New Jersey, and Ontario; in concrete structures constructed in
aggressive marine environments; and in the repair and renovation of historic buildings.
• Ease of handling and shipping: Unlike coated rebar, stainless steel is much easier to
work with during shipment and while on site. Its inherent protective oxide layer is
resistant to damage; it cannot chip, crack or fail. Stainless steel is also easily welded
and can be bent into desired shapes.
• Lighter structure (greater strength)
• Economical cost (life cycle cost analysis)
• Fire and heat resistance
• Impact resistance
• Environmental friendly
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• Durability: In composite structures like RCC bridges, 125 years of
trouble-free service life can be guaranteed.
• Available in many different product forms
• Good strength
• Good weldability for common rebar grades
• Good ductility for common rebar grades (capable of 3D 180E bends)
• No coatings to chip, crack, deteriorate
• No coatings to damage and repair
• Good mechanical properties for common rebar grades at high and
low temperatures

• 1
 A host of marine structures such as bridge decks, sidewalks, ramps,
parapets, pilings, barriers, retaining walls, anchoring systems, parking
garages, sea walls, columns, piers, jetties and moorings
 Anchorages and any kind of joints
 Offshore platforms
 Tunnels, underpasses and subways
 Bridges, viaducts, overpasses
 Cement frameworks with magnetic characteristics
 Frameworks which are prone to breaking up due to frost or because of
low temperatures
 Concrete slabs for drainage in environments with corrosive agents
 Supports/restoration for statues, monuments, cement, stone and marble
works
 Historic buildings

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A Coastal Replacement Bridge at North Bend, Oregon Has Used 2205 Stainless Steel
Rebar Instead of Carbon Steel Rebar for Critical Structural Elements in a Harsh Marine
Environment. ODOT Expects the New Bridge to Provide Maintenance-free Service for an
Amazing 120 Years. That Is 2.5 Times the Service Life of the Bridge It Is Replacing!

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 The primary intention of this presentation is to create an awareness on
the substantial advantage one can get by using stainless steel as
reinforcement in concrete structures
 Despite the initial cost, there is considerable potential in savings of life
cycle cost, especially infrastructures, which are exposed to corrosive
environment
 Best suited material at all temperatures. Also stainless steel are suited
for cryogenic applications
 Available in different grades and hence significant savings can be done
 Also the material is available in different forms, which is more
advantageous
 Material is new generation and environmental friendly hence can be
very rightly utilized as a new generation material for all applications
 By K mani and P srinivasan-“service life of RC structures in corrosive environment: A
comparison of carbon steel And stainless steel bars”- indian concrete journal, volume
75,1-12,2001
 By Y sakumoto, T nakazato and A matsuzaki- “properties of stainless steel For building
structures”- ASCE journal Of structural engineering, volume 122,1-6,1996
 Web site references:
A. Use of stainless steel reinforcement bars for concrete structures-by dr. N.C mathur
(president), ramesh R gopal (general manager), nickel development institute &
secretary indian stainless steel development association, 55-A, uday park (ff) khel
gaon marg, new delhi - 49
(published in new building materials & construction world - september 2000)
B. Www.ISSDA.Com-stainless steel assures durability And enhances aesthetics Of
structures-by ramesh R gopal, secretary, ISSDA and general manager of nidi
C. Www.SSINA.Com- stainless steel bridge-new bridge uses stainless steel rebar To last
120 years, CNC west feature article, august september 2002 vol. XX no. 6 An arnold
publication
D. Www.Outokumpu.Com
CONCRETE FRAME STRUCTURES
 Concrete frame structures are a very common - or perhaps the most
common- type of modern building internationally. As the name
suggests, this type of building consists of a frame or skeleton of
concrete. Horizontal members of this frame are called beams, and
vertical members are called columns. Humans walk on flat planes of
concrete called slabs. Of these, the column is the most important, as it
is the primary load-carrying element of the building. If you damage a
beam or slab in a building, this will affect only one floor, but damage to
a column could bring down the entire building.
 When we say concrete in the building trade, we actually mean
reinforced concrete. Its full name is reinforced cement concrete, or
RCC. RCC is concrete that contains steel bars, called reinforcement
bars, or rebar's. This combination works very well, as concrete is very
strong in compression, easy to produce at site, and inexpensive, and
steel is very strong in tension. To make reinforced concrete, one first
makes a mould, called formwork,
These loads include:
 Dead Loads: the downwards force on the building coming from the weight
of the building itself, including the structural elements, walls, facades, and
the like.
 Live Loads: the downwards force on the building coming from the
expected weight of the occupants and their possessions, including
furniture, books, and so on. Normally these loads are specified in building
codes and structural engineers must design buildings to carry these or
greater loads. These loads will vary with the use of the space, for example,
whether it is residential, office, industrial to name a few. It is common for
codes to require live loads for residential to be a minimum of about 200
kg/m2, offices to be 250 kg/m2, and industrial to be 1000 kg/m2, which is
the same as 1T/m2. These live loads are sometimes called imposed loads.
 Dynamic Loads: these occur commonly in bridges and similar
infrastructure, and are the loads created by traffic, including braking and
accelerating loads.
  Wind Loads: This is a very important design factor, especially for tall buildings, or
buildings with large surface area. Buildings are designed not to resist the
everyday wind conditions, but extreme conditions that may occur once every 100
years or so. These are called design wind speeds, and are specified in building
codes. A building can commonly be required to resist a wind force of 150 kg/m2,
which can be a very significant force when multiplied by the surface area of the
building.
 Earthquake Loads: in an earthquake, the ground vigorously shakes the building
both horizontally and vertically, rather like a bucking horse shakes a rider in the
sport of rodeo. This can cause the building to fall apart. The heavier the building,
the greater the force on it. Its important to note that both wind and earthquake
impose horizontal forces on the building, unlike the gravity forces it normally
resists, which are vertical in direction.
WALLS IN CONCRETE FRAME BUILDINGS
 Concrete frame structures are strong and economical. Hence almost any walling
materials can be used with them. The heavier options include masonry walls of
brick, concrete block, or stone. The lighter options include drywall partitions
made of light steel or wood studs covered with sheeting boards. The former are
used when strong, secure, and sound-proof enclosures are required, and the
latter when quick, flexible lightweight partitions are needed.
 Steel framing is in advantage for the far greater strength of the
material, which provides more rigidity with fewer members. The
load-bearing capacity of steel is adequate for buildings many
times higher than those made of other materials. Because the
column and beam are fused by riveting or welding, stresses are
distributed between them, and both can be longer and lighter
than in structures in which they work independently as post-
and-lintel. Since structural steel must be protected from
corrosion, the skeleton is either covered by curtain walls or
surfaced in concrete or, more rarely, painted.
 Reinforced concrete frames consist of horizontal elements
(beams) and vertical elements (columns) connected by
rigid joints. These structures are cast monolithically that is,
beams and columns are cast in a single operation in order
to act in unison.
 Benefits: is cheaper, faster, resistant (there’s no need to
add any extra protection), it can be easily molded and is
adaptable to late changes
 The greater rigidity and continuity of concrete frames give them
more versatility, but steel is favored for very tall structures for
reasons of economy in construction and space. An example is
the system called box frame construction, in which each unit is
composed of two walls bearing a slab (the other two walls
enclosing the unit are nonbearing curtain walls); this type of
construction extends the post-and-lintel principle into three
dimensions. Here, again, concrete crosses the barriers that
separated traditional methods of construction.