Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
KAREN LANCOUR
National Bio Rules Committee
Chairman
karenlancour@charter.net
Ecology Events
• Ecology – principles of ecology related to terrestrial
environments – 2 year rotation by biomes ( 1-
tundra & forests & 2-deserts & grasslands)
• Water Quality – principles of ecology related to
aquatic environments – 2 year rotation by aquatic
biomes (1-freshwater & 2- marine & estuary)
• Green Generation (Environmental Science) – man’s
impact on ecology and possible solutions – 2 year
rotation by problem issues (1-Aquatic, Air, Climate
& 2-Terrestrial, Population Growth)
Event Rules – 2017
DISCLAIMER
This presentation was prepared using draft
rules. There may be some changes in the final
copy of the rules. The rules which will be in your
Coaches Manual and Student Manuals will be the
official rules.
Event Rules – 2017
• Properties of populations
• Patterns of distribution and density
• Intra-specific competition
• Population dynamics
• Growth and regulation
• Altering population growth
• Human impact
Growth Curves
Human Population
Survival Curves
• Interactions
• Interspecific
competition
• Predation
• Exploitation
• Symbiosis
Types of Species Interactions
• Energy Flow
– Energy Flow Pyramids
– Bio-mass Pyramids
• Community Succession and Stability
• Nutrient Recycling – nutrient cycles
Energy vs Nutrient
• Nutrients – cyclic
(Biogeochemical
Cycles)
• Energy flow – one
way
Ecologic Pyramids
Ecological pyramid - a graph representing trophic
level numbers within an ecosystem. The primary
producer level is at the base of the pyramid with
the consumer levels above.
Numbers pyramid - compares the number of
individuals in each trophic level.
Biomass pyramid - compares the total dry weight
of the organisms in each trophic level.
Energy pyramid - compares the total amount of
energy available in each trophic level. This energy
is usually measured in kilocalories.
Numbers Pyramid
Biomass & Energy Flow Pyramids
Biogeochemical Cycles
• Hydrologic Cycle
• Phosphorus Cycle
• Nitrogen Cycle
• Carbon Cycle
Hydrologic (Water) Cycle
Phosphorus Cycle
Nitrogen Cycle
Carbon Cycle
Biosphere
• Types of Ecological Spheres
– Biosphere
– Lithosphere
– Hydrosphere
– Atmosphere
• Biogeochemical Cycles
• Disruption of Biosphere
• Specie Extinction & Biosphere Destruction
ECOSYSTEM STABILITY
• Ecosystem stability and the response
of ecosystems to disturbance are of
crucial importance
• Biological diversity acts to stabilize
ecosystem functioning in the face of
environmental fluctuation.
• Variation among species in their
response to such fluctuation is an
essential requirement for ecosystem
stability
• Climate change and other human-
driven (anthropogenic) environmental
changes will continue to cause
biodiversity loss in the coming decades
BIOLOGICAL
DIVERSITY
ADAPTATION
TYPES OF ADAPTATIONS
• Trees have upside down cone shape so snow slides off the
branches
• Branches are flexible to hold great amounts of snow and not
break
• Trees grow thin and close together to protect them from cold
and wind
• Needles are waxy for protection from freezing temperatures
and prevent them from drying out
• Needles are present year round and deep green to absorb the
maximum warmth from the sun
• Thick bark which does not easily burn and protects inner layers
from heat and cones protect the seeds
Taiga: Types of Animals
• Insects – millions of insects in the summer
• birds – up to 3 billion insect-eating birds breed each year in Taiga –
over 200 species
• Seed-eaters like finches and sparrows as well as omnivorous birds
as crows stay all year
• Crossbill has specialized bill for prying open cones and nuthatch
can break the cones open
• Herbivores as small mammals, snowshoe rabbits, red squirrels,
voles and lemming
• Predators feeding on small mammals as owls, wolves, lynx,
bobcats, minks, wolverines, weasels, mink, otters, martens, fishers
• Deer, elk and moose
• Largest predators as grizzlies, lynx, and mountain lions will also
feed on weakened or young deer, elk or moose
Taiga: Animal Adaptations for long cold
winters and hot summers
– migrate south in winter
(birds)
– go into hibernation during
winter
– store extra fat layers on their
bodies for winter
– change diets from season to
season
– grow extra fur on the bottom
of their feet to tread on
snow easier (lynx and
snowshoe rabbit)
– change fur color and coat
thickness from season to
season
– live under snow in winter in
snow tunnels (lemmings,
mice, shrews, voles)
Taiga: Role in Earth’s Climate
• It stores large quantities of carbon stored as plant
material on forest floor (up to 10 feet in some areas)
• 1 cm of plant material can hold 2.5 tons of carbon per
acre
• Taiga acts like a large refrigerator preventing fallen trees,
needles and other debris from decomposing
• Heating up the taiga is causing the following problems:
Litter decomposes putting carbon into the atmosphere
Increases in forest fires
Infestation by bark beetles which is killing the trees
Dead trees - tinder to fuel the forest fires and adding
more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere
Forests
• Trees
• Canopy
• Food web
• Special adaptations
• Plant and animals
• Special environmental issues
• Effect of human populations
TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST
• The average temperature of
the forest is about 50
degrees Fahrenheit.
• The average rainfall here in
the forest is 30 to 60 inches
a year
• The deciduous trees lose
their leaves in fall with
spectacular fall colors and
they grow back in spring
CLIMATE CHARACTERISTICS
• Temperature varies from -30° C to 30° C.
• Precipitation (75-150 cm) is distributed evenly
throughout the year.
• Soil is fertile, enriched with decaying litter.
• Canopy is moderately dense and allows light to
penetrate, resulting in well-developed and richly
diversified understory vegetation and
stratification of animals
• There are four seasons so animals & plants have
special adaptations to these yearly changes
Layers of the
Temperate
Deciduous Forest
• Tree stratum - the tallest layer, 60 -100 feet high, with
large oak, maple, beech, chestnut, hickory, elm,
basswood, linden, walnut, or sweet gum trees
• Small tree or sapling layer - short tree species and
young trees
• Shrub layer - shrubs like rhododendrons, azaleas,
mountain laurels, and huckleberries
• Herb layer - short plants
• Ground layer - lichens, clubmosses, and true mosses
PLANT ADAPTATIONS
Source: NASA
Biodiversity Threats
Habitat
Fragmentation
& Destruction
It results in
1. Loss of resident species
2. Loss of food sources
3. Loss of ecosystem functions provided by the
habitat
INVASIVE SPECIES
PROBLEMS
• World-wide problem
• Increase in travel and trade open routes
• In U.S. costs $137 billion dollars per year
• Approximately 42% of Threatened or Endangered
species are at risk due to non-native, invasive species.
• Raise havoc in ecosystems and threaten species
diversity
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
• Ecology is the study of the distribution and abundance of
organisms, the interactions among organisms, and the
interactions between organisms and the physical
environment.
• Conservation Biology is the scientific study of nature and of
Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their
habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction
and the erosion of biotic interactions.
• Conservation biologists investigate the impact of humans on
Earth's biodiversity and develop practical approaches to
prevent the extinction of species and promote the
sustainable use of biological resources
CONSERVATION BIOLOGY
Strategies for a Sustainable World
• advancing technologies
to reduce waste
• increasing recycling and
reuse
• creating even safer
treatment and disposal
options
• developing sources of
renewable energy
• sharing the benefits of
our learning and
innovation
MAINTAINING BIODIVERSITY
CONTROLLING INVASIVE SPECIES
INVASIVE SPECIES
Control Methods
• Prevention
• Eradicating potential invaders soon after invasion
• Physical (manual & mechanical)
• Cultural – Ecosystem Management
• Biological – natural enemies
• Chemical - pesticides
• Integrated Pest Management – Uses a combination
of methods – OFTEN MOST EFFECTIVE
RECLAMATION OF DISTURBED
AREAS
REINTRODUCTION OF SPECIES
ADVANTAGES
AND
DISADVANTAGES
Nonrenewable vs. Renewable
Energy Sources
• Non-renewable energy sources – fossil fuels
as coal, oil and natural gas as well as nuclear
fuels – limited supply will run out and have
negative environmental impacts
• Renewable energy sources – sun, wind,
waves, heat, hydropower and biomass that
can be used again and again and is cleanest
energy sources.
• There are pros and cons for each type of
energy