Health and Sanitation.

Singapore
Water supply and sanitation in

Singapore is characterized by a
number of achievements in the
challenging environment of a
densely populated island.
Innovative integrated water

management approaches such as
the reuse of reclaimed water, the
establishment of protected areas
in urban rainwater catchments
and the use of estuaries as
freshwater reservoirs have been
introduced along with
seawater desalination in order to
reduce the country's dependence
on water imported from
neighboring country, Malaysia.
Group 3
Rachna Sansad Institute of Environmental Planning: Akansha Atre - 1
Srinivas Rao - 20
Environmental Architecture 03. Health and sanitation Kajal saxena - 24
The Issue
Singapore is an island country.
It is surrounded by sea on all
sides. It has limited access to
freshwater.
That is because it has no large

rivers, no natural springs and no
glacier.
It depends on rainfall for its fresh

water demands. Also due to its
topography, and climate, some
areas receive excessive rainfall
while some areas, receive less.
The areas which received
adequate rainfall weren't sure
about of the purity of the
collected water.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
The Issue
Also it has a comparatively lower
area of land and catchments.
Most of the water used to flow to

the sea.
Thus the amount of rainwater

water collected in Singapore was
quiet low.
Population of Singapore was on a

rise.
Measures were to be taken, to

meet the needs and demands of
the rising population.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Water history
1961 – Pact to draw 86 million
gallon per day for 50 years.
1962 – Pact to draw up to 250

million gallon from Johor River for
99 years.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Water history
1963 – Water rationing due to
draught. PUB was set up.
1965 – Singapore separates form

Malaysia and pact retained.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Water history
1971 – First water campaign,
“water is precious” was launched.
1972 – First water master plan to

ensure adequate water supply.
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Srinivas Rao - 20
Water history
1987 – Cleaning of Singapore River
successful after 10 years.
1991 – Water conservation tax

introduced.
1997 – Goal of modern sanitation

for all reached.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Water history
2000 – Initiation of deep tunnel
sewerage system.
2003 – Launch of two NEWATER

plants.
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Water history
2005 – First desalination plant.
2008 – Marinna barrage,

Singapore’s 15th reservoir.
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Water history
2009 – Changi water reclamation
plant, DTSS opens.
2011 – 1961, 50 years, water

agreement lapses.
48 years
to another
agreement lapse
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Srinivas Rao - 20
Water sources
Singapore relies on four water
sources, called "the four taps“
1. Rainfall, collected in
artificial reservoirs that collect
water from carefully managed
catchment areas
(200-300 million gallons per day,

depending on rainfall)
2. Imported water from Malaysia
(up to 250 million imperial gallons

(1,100,000 m3) per day, according
to the 99-year agreement signed
in 1962.
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Water sources
3. Reclaimed water
( producing what is
called NEWater)

(520,000 m3) per day,
officially only "30% of demand".
4. Seawater desalination

(230,000 m3) per day,
officially only "10% of demand".
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Srinivas Rao - 20
Rainfall
Two thirds of the country's
surface area is classified as partly
protected catchment areas with
certain restrictions on land use, so
that the rainwater can be
collected and used as drinking
water.
As of 2012, surface water was

collected in 17 raw water
reservoirs.
Most of Singapore's reservoirs are

all located in the Central
Catchment Nature Reserve, a
protected area that has been
reforested to protect the water
resources and act as a "green
lung" for the city.
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Imported Water
Singapore imports water from
Johor state in Malaysia through a
pipeline that runs along a 1 km
bridge, the Johor– Singapore
Causeway that also carries a road
and a railway.
As of 2009, imported water had

been reduced from 50%
previously to 40% of total
consumption.
After the expiry of a 1961 water

agreement between Malaysia and
Singapore in 2011, two
agreements are in force now. One
was signed in 1962 and another
one in 2000. Both will expire in
2061.
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Srinivas Rao - 20
Reclaimed Water
NEWater is the brand name given
to ultra-pure water that is
produced from reclaimed water.
The effluent from the reclamation

plants is either discharged into the
sea or it is further treated in
NEWater plants using dual-
membrane and ultraviolet
technologies.
The quality of NEWater is

monitored by, among others, an
international panel of experts.
The quality of NEWater exceeds

WHO standards for drinking water.
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Srinivas Rao - 20
Desalinated Water
On 13 September 2005, the
country opened its
first desalination plant, Sing Spring
Desalination Plant, in Tuas at the
southwestern tip of Singapore
Island.
The S$200 million plant built and

operated by Hyflux, can produce
30 million imperial gallons
(140,000 m3) of water each day
and meets 10% of the country's
water needs.
Together, desalinated water from

Sing Spring and Tuaspring can
meet up to 25% of Singapore's
current water needs.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Desalinated Water
On 13 September 2005, the
country opened its
first desalination plant, Sing Spring
Desalination Plant, in Tuas at the
southwestern tip of Singapore
Island.
The S$200 million plant built and

operated by Hyflux, can produce
30 million imperial gallons
(140,000 m3) of water each day
and meets 10% of the country's
water needs.
Together, desalinated water from

Sing Spring and Tuaspring can
meet up to 25% of Singapore's
current water needs.
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Srinivas Rao - 20
Four Taps of Singapore
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Sanitation
Until 2010, wastewater in
Singapore was collected through a
sewer system that included 139
pumping stations that pumped
water to six wastewater treatment
plants.
These pumping stations and plants

are to be gradually
decommissioned while a new
system, the Deep Tunnel
Sewerage System (DTSS),
becomes operational.
The Changi Water Reclamation

Plant, the heart of the first phase
of the DTSS.
Group 3
Srinivas Rao - 20
Storm water
The storm water drainage system
in Singapore is completely
separated from the sewer system.
It consists of 7,000 km of public
roadside drains and about
1,000 km of major canals and
waterways that are regularly
cleaned of debris and maintained
by private companies under
performance-based contracts with
PUB. This system has reduced the
flood-prone area from 3,200
hectares in the 1970s to about 49
hectares today despite increased
urbanization, which usually would
have resulted in more floods. PUB
plans to further reduce flood
prone areas to 40 hectares by
2013.
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Srinivas Rao - 20
The Loop
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Srinivas Rao - 20
Present scenario
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Present scenario
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Srinivas Rao - 20
The future
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Srinivas Rao - 20

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Singapore

Water supply and sanitation in

Innovative integrated water

That is because it has no large

It depends on rainfall for its fresh

Most of the water used to flow to

Thus the amount of rainwater

Population of Singapore was on a

Measures were to be taken, to

1962 – Pact to draw up to 250

1965 – Singapore separates form

1972 – First water master plan to

1991 – Water conservation tax

1997 – Goal of modern sanitation

2003 – Launch of two NEWATER

2008 – Marinna barrage,

2011 – 1961, 50 years, water

(200-300 million gallons per day,

2. Imported water from Malaysia

(up to 250 million imperial gallons

(up to 115 million imperial gallons

(up to 50 million imperial gallons

As of 2012, surface water was

Most of Singapore's reservoirs are

As of 2009, imported water had

After the expiry of a 1961 water

The effluent from the reclamation

The quality of NEWater is

The quality of NEWater exceeds

The S$200 million plant built and

Together, desalinated water from

The S$200 million plant built and

Together, desalinated water from

These pumping stations and plants

The Changi Water Reclamation

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