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This chapter introduces data communications and networking concepts. It defines key terms like LANs, WANs, and wireless networks. It describes the components of a basic communications system and provides examples of regulatory agencies and standards organizations. It gives a brief history of communications technology and outlines some common applications of data communications.
This chapter introduces data communications and networking concepts. It defines key terms like LANs, WANs, and wireless networks. It describes the components of a basic communications system and provides examples of regulatory agencies and standards organizations. It gives a brief history of communications technology and outlines some common applications of data communications.
This chapter introduces data communications and networking concepts. It defines key terms like LANs, WANs, and wireless networks. It describes the components of a basic communications system and provides examples of regulatory agencies and standards organizations. It gives a brief history of communications technology and outlines some common applications of data communications.
Learning Objectives • Define data communications • Describe the difference between data communications and telecommunications • Define local area networks, wide area networks, metropolitan area networks, wireless networks, and personal area networks • Understand the components of a communications system
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Learning Objectives • Describe the role of, and list, regulatory agencies in data communications • List the standards-setting organizations involved in the communications industry • Explain how the government uses communications networks
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Introduction • Communications began from primitive methods • More efficient communications were needed with the advance of the industrial age • The telegraph began the age of electronic communications • Voice, video, and data transmitted in modern communications systems
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What is Data Communications? • Transmission of data over a network • Subset of telecommunications • Networks – Telephone system – May connect computers and related devices – PC prices have dropped – Data communications network • Computers and related devices • Devices and lines used to connect the devices
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications 6 Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications 7 What is Data Communications? • Networks – Types of networks • Wide area network (WAN) • Local area network (LAN) • Metropolitan area network (MAN) • Internet • Wireless networks • Personal Area Network (PAN)
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications 9 Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications 10 Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications 11 Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications 12 Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications 13 Basic Components of a Communications System – Three physical components • Source (or sender) • Medium • Receiver – One Software component • Protocol – Circuit – Example – Drive-up bank window
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications 15 The Telephone System • Telegraph – 1840 • Telephone – 1876 • AT&T was a monopoly – Positive aspects of standardization • Divestiture in 1984 • Data communications and the telephone system
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications 17 The Telephone System • Common Carriers – Profit-oriented companies – Over 1200 in the United States – Cellular service providers – Local and long distance service • IntraLATA Calls – Local Access Transport Areas (LATAs) – Local and “local long distance”
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications 19 The Telephone System • InterLATA Calls – Long distance calls – May or may not use a carrier different from the one offering local telephone service – Divestiture has allowed all companies to compete in both local and long distance markets – Slamming – unauthorized switch to a different phone company
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Governmental and Regulatory Agencies • Federal Communications Commission (FCC) – Created in 1934 – Prior to that time, the Interstate Commerce Commission controlled communications – Regulates interstate and international telecommunications – Tariff schedules
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Governmental and Regulatory Agencies • Public Utility Commissions – Regulate intrastate communications – Regulate common carriers within a state – Rates charged can differ by state – Negotiates when conflicts arise, if the problem is completely within a single state
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Governmental and Regulatory Agencies • National Telecommunications and Information Administration (NTIA) – Branch of the U.S. Department of Commerce – Catalyst for innovation in communications industry – Helps create jobs in that sector – Establishes grants to create a communications infrastructure for all citizens
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Standards Organizations • American National Standards Institute (ANSI) – Creates voluntary national standards – Has over 1,000 members – Works to create consensus on standards among all the groups – Publishes standards created by other organizations – Creating a standard for FDDI
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Standards Organizations • International Organization for Standardization (ISO) – Non-electronic telecommunication standards – Created the Open Systems Interconnection (OSI) 7-layer model • Corporation for Open Systems – Promotes the use of equipment that meets ISO standards
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Standards Organizations • International Telecommunication Union (ITU) – Equipment standards in other countries – Provides technical assistance in setting up communications systems in third world countries • International Telecommunication Union- Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU- T) – Fosters cooperative standards for telecommunications equipment and systems – Took over functions of the CCITT
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Standards Organizations • Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) – An ANSI member organization – Standards developed for the lowest two levels of the OSI model – Developed standards for local area networks
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Standards Organizations • Electronics Industries Association (EIA) – Sets electrical standards – Members are manufacturers of electrical equipment – Developed standards for the lowest level of the OSI model • Telecommunications Industry Assn. (TIA) – Members are companies that provide communications and other IT products and services – Acts as a voice on public policy and international matters that affect its members
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Standards Organizations • Committee T1 – Provides standards for interfaces – Accredited by ANSI – Addresses issues related to interconnection of customers to public communications carriers • Personal Communications Industry Association (PCIA) – Trade association for the personal communications services industry – Regulations and standards related to wireless communications
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Standards Organizations • Cellular Telecommunications Industry Association (CTIA) – Conducts surveys on use of cellular technology • Communications Satellite Corporation (COMSAT) – Coordinates use of satellites among countries, and represents the USA • International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (INTELSAT) – Coordinates use of satellites internationally
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Applications of Data Communications • Computer system processing – Early systems • Batch • No networks – Modern systems • On-line • Networks
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications 32 Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications 33 Applications of Data Communications • Government Applications – Original use – Census data collection in 1950 – Internal Revenue Service (IRS) – National Aeronautical and Space Administration (NASA) – Military uses • The Internet – E-Commerce
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Chapter Summary • Rapid increase in communications • Data transmission • Three components of communications • Common carriers • FCC and PUCs • Regulatory agencies • Common uses for communications networks Chapter 1: Introduction to Communications 35 Chapter 1 Complete