By,

K. Sangeetha Raj
13STR013
 Major Building Parts

Superstructure

Substructure

Foundation
Terminology
 Gross Loading Intensity
 Net Loading Intensity
 Ultimate bearing capacity
 Net safe bearing capacity
 Gross safe bearing capacity
 Safe bearing pressure
 Allowable bearing pressure
Primary Factors Affecting Foundation
Choice

 Subsurface soil

 Ground water conditions

 Structural requirements
Secondary Factors Affecting Foundation
Choice
 Construction access, methods & site
conditions
 Environmental factors
 Building Codes & Regulations
 Impact on surrounding structures
 Construction schedule
 Construction risks
General requirements of
Foundation
 The foundation must be properly located considering
any future influence which could adversely affect its
performance particularly for footings and mats
 The soil supporting the foundation must be safe
against shear failure
 The foundation must not settle or deflect to a degree
that can result in a damage to the structure or impair
its functioning
 The foundation should be safe against sliding and
overturning
 General requirements of foundation is classified
as
Location and Depth of Foundation
Bearing Capacity of Foundation
Settlement of Foundation
Location & Depth of Foundation
 The following considerations are necessary for deciding the
location and depth of foundation
 As per IS:1904-1986, minimum depth of foundation shall be
0.5m
 Foundation shall be placed below the zone of
a) The Frost heave
b) Excessive volume changes due to moisture variation
(usually exists within 1.5 to 3.5m depth of soil from the
top surface)
c) Top soil or organic material
d) Peat and Muck
e) Unconsolidated material like waste dump
 Foundation shall be placed below the zone of
a) Determine foundation type
b) Estimate probable depth of scour, effects, etc
c) Estimate cost of foundation for normal and various
scour conditions
d) Determine the scour versus risk and revise the design
accordingly
 IS:1904-1986 recommendations for foundations
adjacent to slopes and existing structures
a) When the ground surface slopes downward adjacent
to footing, the sloping surface should not cut the
line of distribution of load (2H:1V)
b) In granular soils, the line joining the lower adjacent
edges of upper and lower footings shall not have a
slope steeper than 2H:1V
c) In clayey soil, the line joining the lower adjacent
edge of the upper footing and the upper adjacent
edge of the lower footing should not be steeper than
2H:1V
 Other recommendations for footings adjacent to existing
structures:
a) Minimum horizontal distance between the foundations
shall not be less than the width of larger footing to avoid
damage to existing structure
b) If the distance is limited, the principal of 2H:1V
distribution should be used so as to minimize the
influence to old structure
c) Proper care is needed during excavation phase of
foundation construction beyond merely depending on
2H:1V criteria for old foundations. Excavation may cause
settlement to old foundation due to lateral bulging in
the excavation and/or shear failure due to reduction in
overburden stress in the surrounding of old foundation
 Footings on surface rock or sloping rock faces:
a) For the locations with shallow rock beds, the foundation
can be laid on the rock surface after chipping the top
surface
b) If the rock bed has some slope, it may be advisable to
provide dowel bars of minimum 16mm diameter and
225mm embedment into rock at 1m spacing
 A raised water table may cause damage to the foundation
by
a) Floating the structure
b) Reducing the effective stress beneath the foundation
c) Water logging around the building may also cause wet
basements. In such cases, proper drainage system around
foundation may be required so that water does not
accumulate
Bearing capacity of foundation
 Permissible increase in allowable bearing pressure of
soils as per IS:1893(Part -I):2002
 Safe bearing capacity for various soil type as per
National building code of India
SETTLEMENTS OF FOUNDATIONS

NO SETTLEMENT * TOTAL SETTLEMENT * DIFFERENTIAL SETTLEMENT

Uniform settlement is usually of little consequence in a building, but
differential settlement can cause severe structural damage
 Settlement of Foundations
 Permissible maximum and differential settlements of
buildings are given as per IS:1906-1986
Reference code books:
 IS:1904-1986  Code of practice for design and
construction of foundations in soils – General
requirements
 IS:6403 -1981  Code of practice for determination of
bearing capacity of shallow foundations
 IS:1893(Part-1)-2002  Indian standard-Criteria for
Earthquake Resistant design of structures