HOW IS

ELECTRICITY
PUT INTO USE?
 DID YOU KNOW?

The human body’s resistance to current

is in the order of 500 000 Ω when the
skin is dry. This resistance decreases
when the skin is wet. The body’s
resistance can go as low as 100 Ω
when it is soaked with saltwater. This is
because ions in saltwater are current
carriers and readily conduct electric
charge.
CHALLENGE 01

Calculate the electric resistance

of a gold wire 2 m long with a
diameter of 1.3 mm if the
resistivity of gold is 2.24 x 10-8 Ω-
m?
CHALLENGE 02

Schaiemour wants to use a quartz

rod as an insulator. The rod’s
diameter is 9 mm and its
resistivity at 20°C is 7.5 x 1017 Ω-
m. How long must the rod be to
offer a resistance of 10 x 1010 Ω?
BASIC PARTS OF A SIMPLE ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

w. Source or supply
x. Conductors
y. Load
z. Control device or switch
 OHM’S LAW
Current is directly proportional
to the voltage and inversely
proportional to the resistance.
ELECTRICAL POWER

- the product of the current and

the voltage
In equation form, it is given as
P = IV
ELECTRICAL POWER

Other variations of this formula

P = IV
are P = V2 and P = I2 R
R
 FIRST CHALLENGE

What is the power input to an

electric heater that draws 3 A
from a 220 – V outlet?
 SECOND CHALLENGE
The heating element in a
clothes dryer is rated at 5kW
and 220 V. How much current
does it draw?
 THIRD CHALLENGE
How much current would a
10-Ω bread toaster draw
when connected to a 110 – V
outlet?
 FOURTH CHALLENGE
An electric heater is operated by
applying a potential difference of
60V across a nichrome wire of
total resistance 9Ω. What is the
power rating of the heater?
ELECTRICAL ENERGY AND ITS COST
W = P∆ 𝐭
where:
W = electrical energy
P = power
∆ 𝐭 = change in time
 FIRST CHALLENGE
How much does it cost to
operate a 20” desk fan for 12
hours if electrical energy
costs P4.57/kWh?
 SECOND CHALLENGE
Calculate the cost of running
a 1.5 – hp air conditioner
straight for one day if energy
costs P4.36/kWh.
 THIRD CHALLENGE
Calculate the cost of running
a 1.5 – hp air conditioner
straight for one day if energy
costs P10.8584/kWh.
 FOURTH CHALLENGE
How much does it cost to
operate 3 ceiling fans and two
wall fans (16” and 20”) for 11
hours if electrical energy costs
P10.8584/kWh?
MULTIPLE LOAD CIRCUITS
SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT

has two or more has more

loads but current
flows through a
than one path
single conducting for current to
path flow
 COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS

QUANTITY SERIES CIRCUIT PARALLEL CIRCUIT

Current The current that flows through each The total current that flows through the
resistance is the same as the total circuit is equal to the sum of the
current throughout the circuit. currents in the separate resistances.
IT = I1= I2 = I3 = … = In IT = I1+I2 +I3 +… + In

Voltage The sum of all the individual voltage The voltage drop in each resistance is
drops is the same as the applied the same as the magnitude of the
voltage. V T = V1 + V2 + V3 + … + Vn applied voltage.
V T = V1 = V2 = V3 =… = Vn
Resistance The total resistance is equal to the The reciprocal of the total resistance is
sum of the individual resistances. equal to the sum of the reciprocals of
RT = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 + … + R n the separate resistances.
1 1 1 1 1
RT = R 1 + R 2 + R 3 + … + R n
A network is a
combination of both
series and parallel
circuits.
 CHALLENGE 01

A TV set, a stove and a flatiron are connected in

series to a 220 – V line. The resistance of the TV
set is 20 Ω, the stove, 50 Ω and the flatiron, 35 Ω.
Find a) the total resistance, b) the amount of
current flowing in each device and c) the voltage
drop across each device.
 CHALLENGE 02
A refrigerator and a rice cooker are connected
in parallel to a 220 – V line. The current in the
refrigerator is 10 A and in the rice cooker is 4
A. Find a) the resistance of each device, b) the
total resistance, and c) the current flowing in
the line.
 CHALLENGE 03
Given: This R1 = 7 Ω

network,

IT R2 = 5 Ω
R3 = 3 Ω

Find: a. The combined resistance

V T = 110 V b. The total current
 CHALLENGE 04
Find the total resistance of all the resistors in the diagram below.

10 Ω
15 Ω 8Ω

12 V
10 Ω