Power Transmission and

Distribution
Proximity effects
• In a transmission line there is a non-uniformity of current distribution
caused by a higher current density in the elements of adjacent
conductors nearest each other than in the elements farther apart.

• The phenomenon is known as proximity effect.

• It is present for three-phase as well as single-phase circuits. For the

usual spacing of overhead lines at 60 Hz, the proximity effect is
neglected
INDUCTANCE OF A SINGLE CONDUCTOR
• The inductive reactance is by far the most dominating impedance element.
• A current-carrying conductor produces a magnetic field around the
conductor.
• The magnetic flux lines are concentric closed circles with direction given by
the right hand rule.
• With the thumb pointing in the direction of the current, the fingers of the
right hand encircled the wire point in the direction of the magnetic field.
• When the current changes, the flux changes and a voltage is induced in the
circuit.
• By definition, for nonmagnetic material, the inductance L is the ratio of its
total magnetic flux linkage to the current I, given
INDUCTANCE OF A SINGLE CONDUCTOR

• Where 𝜆 is the flux linkage, in Weber turns.

• Consider a long round conductor with radius r, carrying a

current I as shown in Figure on next slide.
INDUCTANCE OF A SINGLE CONDUCTOR
INDUCTANCE OF A SINGLE CONDUCTOR
• The magnetic field intensity 𝐻𝑥 , around a circle of radius x, is
constant and tangent to the circle.
• The Ampere’s law relating 𝐻𝑥 to the current 𝐼𝑥 is given by
INDUCTANCE OF A SINGLE CONDUCTOR
• Where 𝐼𝑥 is the current enclosed at radius x. As shown in Figure 4.
Equation ( 8) is all that required for evaluating the flux linkage 𝜆 of a
conductor.
• The inductance of the conductor can be defined as the sum of
contributions from flux linkages internal and external to the
conductor.
Internal Inductance
• Simply it can be obtained by the internal flux linkage by neglecting the
skin effect and assuming uniform current density throughout the
conductor cross section i.e.,
• The flux inside (or outside) the conductor is in the circumferential
direction. The two directions that are perpendicular to the flux are
radial and axial.
• Let us consider an elementary area that has a dimension of dx m
along the radial direction and 1 m along the axial direction.
• Therefore the area perpendicular to the flux at all angular positions is
dx  1 m2. Let the flux along the circular strip be denoted by dx and
this is given by
Internal Inductance
Internal Inductance
Inductance Due To External Flux Linkage
Inductance of a two wire single phase lines
Inductance of a two wire single phase lines
Inductance of a two wire single phase lines
Inductance of a two wire single phase lines
Inductance of a two wire single phase lines
Inductance of a two wire single phase lines
Flux linkage in terms of self and mutual
inductance