Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
DA Concentration (% Baseline)
200 200
NAc shell
% of Basal DA Output
150 150
Copulation Frequency
100 100
15
Empty 10
50
Box Feeding
5
0 0
0 60 120 180 ScrScr Scr Scr
BasFemale 1 Present Female 2 Present
Time (min) Sample 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17
Number
Mounts
Intromissions
Ejaculations
% of Basal Release
900
800 DA
DA 300 DOPAC
700 DOPAC
HVA
600 HVA
500 200
400
300
200 100
100
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 hr 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 hr
Time After Amphetamine Time After Cocaine
250
NICOTINE 250 Accumbens MORPHINE
% of Basal Release
% of Basal Release
Dose (mg/kg)
200 Accumbens
200 0.5
Caudate 1.0
150 2.5
150 10
100
100
0
0 1 2 3 hr 0
0 1 2 3 4 5hr
Time After Nicotine Time After Morphine
Source: Di Chiara and Imperato
PET Scan of Long-Term Meth Brain Damage
Long-term effects: What will happen
in the future
ml/gm
Dopamine improvements after 1 year, but not cognitive and motor functioning
Methamphetamine
Acute Physical Effects
Increases Decreases
Heart rate – Appetite
Blood pressure – Sleep
Pupil size – Reaction time
Respiration
Sensory acuity
Energy
Methamphetamine
Acute Psychological Effects
Increases Decreases
Confidence Boredom
Alertness Loneliness
Mood Timidity
Sex drive
Energy
Talkativeness
Highly Toxic Substances
Drain cleaner
Battery acid
Antifreeze
Over-the-counter asthma medicine
containing ephedrine or pseudoephedrine
Match-box striker (Red phosphorous)
Hydrochloric acid
Lye
Lantern fuel
(KCI)
Methamphetamine use and
pregnancy
Possible effects found in the few human
studies that exist include increased rates of
premature delivery, placental abruption
(early separation of a normal placenta from
the wall of the uterus), retarded fetal growth,
and cardiac and brain abnormalities.
Source: Volkow, Nora, M.D., Director, NIDA. April 21, 2005. Testimony Before the Subcommittee on Labor, Health,
and Human Services; Education; and Related Agencies. Committee on Appropriations, U.S. Senate.
www.hhs.gov/asl/testify/t050425b.html
Meth Mouth: Myth and Reality
How many Americans use
methamphetamines?
Lifetime use: 4.9 percent of those aged 12 and
over (12 million people)
Past-year use: 0.6 percent of those aged 12
and over (1.4 million people)
Past-month use: 0.2 percent of those aged 12
and over (600,000 people)
Source: The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration/Office of Applied Studies. September 16,
2005. The NSDUH Report: Methamphetamine Use, Abuse, and Dependence: 2002, 2003, and 2004, In Brief.
http://oas.samhsa.gov/2k5/meth/meth.htm
Environmental effects of meth
• Meth production leaves behind 5 to 6 pounds
of toxic waste per pound of meth produced.
SAMSHA, 2004
Epidemiology
High prevalence of HIV in patients who use crystal
MA
• Shoptaw, et al, J Addict Dis 2002 showed in a CA study that
61% of men seeking tx for MA had HIV infection
– 77% of men were white, 17% were Latino
– All were in their mid 30’s and had some college education
– Reported a mean of 66 different partners in 6 months
– Persons with HIV were more likely to have injected MA,
contracted an STD and had more UAI
• Klitzman, et al Am J Psychiatry 2000 reported strong
association between MDMA use and high-risk sexual behavior
• 2001 report in MMWR found that in an outbreak of 130 cases
of syphilis in CA, 51% were MSM and 18% reported use of
MA
Epidemiology
Study of 25 HIV+ gay men using MA
(Semple et al., J Subst Abuse Treat 2002)
– “provided temporary escape from being HIV+”
– “helps manage negative self-perception and
social rejection associated with being HIV+
– “method of coping with the specter of death”
Key points on methamphetamine
Methamphetamine is a drug that can be effectively used for several
medical conditions
When used illegally, Meth is a powerful, highly addictive stimulant
that can be made easily from legally available products.
Twelve million Americans ages 12 and over have used meth at least
once; use is most common between ages 19 and 40.
Meth labs use and produce toxic, explosive chemicals; meth labs
are dangerous and expensive to clean up.
Exposure to chemicals used to make meth may cause cancer,
damage the brain and other organs, and result in birth defects.