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Objectives
Source:
El-Wakil, Mohamed Mohamed. Powerplant Technology. Singapore City: Mc Graw-Hill, 1984.
Definition
• A vapor-liquid cycle
• Idealized thermodynamic cycle whose purpose is to
convert heat into mechanical work
• Developed by William John M. Rankine (1820 – 1872)
Source:
El-Wakil, Mohamed Mohamed. Powerplant Technology. Singapore City: Mc Graw-Hill, 1984.
Power Plant Applications
• Fossil Fuel Power Plant
• Use of fuel such as coal to
generate heat
• Prime mover either a steam
turbine or gas turbine
• Rankine cycle is used in
conjunction with other cycles
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Big_Bend_Pow
er_Station.jpg
Power Plant Applications
• Nuclear Power Plant
• Uses nuclear reactor’s heat to
produce steam
http://www.pennenergy.com/content/dam/pe/online-
articles/2013/01/cr3.JPG
Power Plant Applications
• Solar Power Plant
• Uses waste heat from
solar panels to generate
steam
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/22/PS20
andPS10.jpg
Power Plant Application
http://homework.uoregon.edu/pub/class/otec1.jpg
Schematic:
Ideal Rankine Cycle
4 3
http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090311/full/458138a/box/1.html
P-v and T-s Diagram for
IDEAL Rankine Cycle
http://www.nature.com/news/2009/090311/full/458138a/box/1.html
States: Saturated Rankine Cycle
1 - Saturated vapor
2 - Two-phase
3 - Saturated liquid 3
4 - Subcooled liquid
B - Saturated liquid
Processes: Saturated Rankine Cycle
Initial State Two Independent Parameters Process Condition Final Parameters
State
1 P1 X1 = 1 Expansion Adiabatic 2 P2 S2 = S1
Isentropic
Reversible
2 P2 S2 = S1 Heat Isobaric 3 P3=P2 X3 = 0
Rejection
3 P3 X3 = 0 Compressio Adiabatic 4 P4=P1 S4 = S3
n Isentropic
Reversible
4 P4 S4 = S3 Heat Isobaric 1 P1 X1 = 1
Addition
States:
Superheated Rankine Cycle
1’ - Superheated vapor
2’ - Two-phase
3 - Saturated liquid
4 - Subcooled liquid 3
B - Saturated liquid
Processes: Superheated Rankine
Cycle
Initial Two Independent Parameters Process Condition Final Parameters
State State
1 P1’ T1’ Expansion Adiabatic 2 P2’ S2’ = S1’
Isentropic
Reversible
2 P2’ S2’ = S1’ Heat Isobaric 3 P3=P2’ X3 = 0
Rejection
3 P3 X3 = 0 Compression Adiabatic 4 P4=P1’ S4 = S3
Isentropic
Reversible
4 P4 S4 = S3 Heat Isobaric 1 P1’ T1’
Addition
Equations: Ideal Rankine Cycle
Heat added:
qA = h1 – h4
Turbine work:
wT = h1 – h2
Heat rejected:
| qR | = h2 – h3
Pump work:
| wp | = h4 – h3
| wp | = (v3 )(P4 – P3)
http://homework.uoregon.edu/pub/class/otec1.jpg
Equations: Ideal Rankine Cycle
Net work:
∆wnet = (h1 – h2) – (h4 – h3)
= (h1 – h2) + (h3 –h4)
Thermal efficiency:
1
Saturated Ideal Rankine cycle
Working fluid = Steam
P1 = P4 = 500 psi
4
P2 = P3 = 10 psi
3 2
Required
1
State 2: (P2=10 psi, s1=s2)
Solve for x2
1.4639 = 0.2836 + 1.5043(x2)
x2 = 0.785 4
h2 = 161.26 + 982.1(x2) 3 2
h2 = 931.83 Btu/lbm
Solution
State 3: (P3=10 psi, x3 = 0)
h3= 161.26 Btu/lbm
v3 = 0.01659 ft3/lbm
4
h4= 162.76 Btu/lbm
3 2
qR = h2-h3 1
qR = 770.57 Btu/lbm
3 2
∆𝑊𝑛𝑒𝑡 271.37
η𝑡ℎ = = x 100%
𝑞𝐴 1041.9
= 26%
Non-Ideal Rankine
Cycle
Non-Ideal Rankine Cycle
• Two Types
• Externally Irreversible
• occur across the boundaries of the system
• Internally Irreversible
• occur within the boundaries of the system
Externally Irreversible Rankine
Cycle
B/SH
T
4
2
4s
2s
4
3 2
s
3
P C
Superheat
• State 1: sat. vapor • State 2/2s: mixture
Superheat
• State 3: sat. liquid • State 4/4s: subcooled
liquid
Superheat
• Non-ideal • Ideal
Reheat
• Allows heat addition twice, increasing the average
temperature and improvement of cycle efficiency
CT
Reheat
wT = (h1 - h2 )+ (h3 - h4 )
• Turbine work
wp = h6 - h5
• Pump work
FWH Pump
Pump
• Given
- Ideal Saturated Rankine Cycle T
- Working Fluid: Freon-12
- T1 = 200°F
- T2 = 72°F
1
• Required
7
2
wNET = wT -Σ|wP|
6
= (h1-h2) + (1-m2)·(h2-h3) - (h5-h4)
5
- (h7-h6) 3
4
ηcycle = wNET/qA
s
= ((h1-h2) + (1-m2)·(h2-h3) - (h5-h4) -
(h7-h6))/ (h1-h7)
• Solution
Feed heating: T
T1 = 200°F
T3 = 72°F
1
Toptimal = (T1 – T3)/2
7
2
Toptimal = 64°F 6
Tfw = T3 + Toptimal = 5
3
136°F 4
s
Pfw = 210.79 psi
State 1: (200°F, sat vapor)
h1 = 91.278 Btu/lbm
s1 = 0.15651 Btu/lbm·°F
P1 = 430.09 psi T
0.083281(x2) 5
3
4
x2 = 0.93684 s
h2 = 40.110 + 49.608(x2)
h2 = 86.58478 Btu/lbm
State 3: (72°F, s1=s3)
Solve for x3
0.15651 = 0.051338 +
0.112912(x3) T
x3 = 0.93145
h3 = 24.511 + 60.035(x3)
h3 = 80.43066 Btu/lbm 1
7
2
6
7
2
State 6 : (136°F, sat liquid) 6
5
h6= 40.110 Btu/lbm 4
3
v6 = 0.013623 ft3/lbm s
P6 = 210.79 psi
State 7:
h7 = h6 + (v6(P7-P6)(144)/778.16)
h7 = 40.110 + (0.013623(430.09-
210.79)(144)/778.16)
h7= 40.66285 Btu/lbm
T
- (h5-h4) - (h7-h6)
= 8.49207 Btu/lbm
1
7
2
h3 )
5
3
4
= 16.778%
Closed-Type FWH with Drains
Cascaded Backward
Closed-Type FWH with Drains
Cascaded Backward
• Results in greater loss of availability than open types
• Simplest and most commonly used in powerplants
• Feedwater passes through the tubes while the bled steam is on the
shell side
• Bled steam transfers its energy to the feedwater and then,
condenses
• Because feedwater goes through the tubes in successive closed
feedwater heaters, it does not mix with bled steam and therefore can
be pressurized only once by the first condensate pump
Closed-Type FWH with Drains
Cascaded Backward
Closed-Type FWH with Drains
Cascaded Backward
Mass Balance and Energy Balance
between 1 and 2 =1 ṁ2(h2 - h11) = (h8 - h7)
between 2 and 3 = 1 - ṁ2
between 3 and 10 = 1 - ṁ2 - ṁ3
ṁ3(h3 - h9) + ṁ2(h12 - h9)
= (h7 - h6)
between 10 and 1 = 1
between 2 and 12 = ṁ2
between 3 and 12 = ṁ3
between 12 and 10= ṁ2 + ṁ3
Closed-Type FWH with Drains
Cascaded Backward
Equations
Heat added qa = h1 - h8
wT = (h1 - h2) + (1 - m2)(h2 - h3) +
Turbine work
(1 - m2 - m3)(h3 -h4)
Pump work wP = v5(P6 - P5)/PJ
qR = (1 - m2 - m3)(h4 - h5) +
Heat rejected
(m2 - m3)(h10 - h5)
Net work wnet = wT - wP
Thermal Efficiency ɳthermal= wnet/qa
Work Ratio WR = wnet/wT
Closed-Type FWH with Drains
Cascaded Backward
Sample Computation
An ideal Rankine cycle operates at with 1000 psia, 1000 F steam.
It has one enclosed feedwater heater with drain cascaded
backward placed at 100 psia. The condenser pressure is 1 psia.
Use TTD = 5F. The heater has a drain cooler resulting in DC drain
(drain cooler temperature difference) = 10F.
TTD = 5 F
T6 = T7 – TTD = 327.82 F - 5 F =
322.82 F
Energy Balance:
m2(h2 - h8) = h6 - h5
m2 = (293.36 - 72.71)/(1228.6 -
82.69)
m2 = 0.1926
wT = (h1 - h2) + (1 - m2)(h2 - h3)
= (1505.4 - 1228.6) + (1 - 0.19626)(1228.6 - 923.31)
= 523.29 Btu/lbm
Work Ratio:
WR = wnet/wT = 520.31/523.29 = 0.9943
Closed-Type FWH drains Pump
Forward
Closed-Type Feedwater Heaters
with Drains Pumped Forward
Closed-Type FWH drains Pump Forward
Energy Balance:
Turbine
Gen
Boiler
Condenser
CT
Pump
Pump
Closed-Type FWH drains Pump Forward
Closed-Type FWH drains Pump Forward
State 1: superheated
Closed-Type FWH drains Pump Forward
State 2: superheated
Closed-Type FWH drains Pump Forward
State 3: mixture
Closed-Type FWH drains Pump Forward
State 4: sat liquid
wnet
Thermal efficiency: th
Equations
qA
For ideal: s2 s1 s3 s4 s5 s6
Supercritical
Equations
Pump work: | wp | h6 h5
wT (h1 h2 ) (h3 h4 )
B/SH 1
4
P T
2 4
C
3
3 2
Supercritical
800 psia
200 psia
1 psia
Supercritical with Reheat
B/SH 1
4
P T
2 4
C
3
3 2
Supercritical with Reheat
• Calculate the net work, heat added, efficiency, and work ratio
of an internally reversible supercritical double-reheat
3500/1000/1025/1050 cycle. Reheats occur at 800 and 200
psia. Condensing is at 1 psia
For steam cp= 3208 psia 1025 ° F1050 ° F
1000 ° F
800 psia
200 psia
1 psia
Supercritical with Reheat
State 1: P1= 3500 psia, T1= 1000°F h5=1555.4 s5=1.8603
h1=1422.2 s1=1.4709 State 6: P6= 1 psia, s5=s6
State 2: P2= 800 psia, s2=s1 x6=0.936 h6=1039.7
h2=1254.5 State 7: P7= 1 psia, x=0
State 3: P3= 800 psia, T3=1025°F h7= 69.73
h3=1525.3 s3=1.69015
State 4: P4=200 psia, s3=s4
h4=1336.3
State 5: P5= 200 psia, T5= 1050°F
Supercritical with Reheat
State 8: Δwnet=861.95 Btu/lb
h8=69.73+0.016136(3500-1)(144)/778.16
h8= 69.73 + 10.45 qA=(h1-h8)+(h3-h2)+(h5-h4)
h8= 80.18 qA=1342.02+270.8+219.3
qA=1831.92 Btu/lb
Δwnet=(1422.20-1254.5)+(1525.3-1336.3)
+(1555.4-1039.7)-10.45
Δwnet=167.7+189+515.7-10.45
Δwnet=872.4-10.45
Supercritical with Reheat
ηth= 861.95/1831.92
ηth=0.4705
WR=861.95/872.41
WR=0.9880
Improvements
Improvements
• Efficiency of a Rankine cycle can be increased by:
• Increasing the boiler temperature
• Changing the working fluid
Improvements
Increasing the boiler temperature
• Changing the boiler material so that it can withstand elevated
temperature
• Minimizing heat loss by use of insulation
• Changing working fluid so that it doesn’t degrade in high
temperatures
Improvements
Changing the working fluid
• Lower specific heat capacity
• Lower heat needed to attain desired temperature thus higher efficiency
• Example: mercury(1.72kJ/kg*K) VS water (4.19kJ/kg*K)