Medieval 1000 - 1500

12 marks

1. Explain why there were changes to crimes and punishments in the period
1000- 1500.
2. Explain why the Church sometimes hindered justice in the period c1000-
1500.
3. Explain why Anglo- Saxons used corporal punishment to deal with
criminals.
4. Explain why there were few changes to law enforcement in the period
c1000 to 1500.

16 marks
1. ‘ The Norman Conquest saw little change to law enforcement and punishment
in England.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
2. ‘The role of local communities was the most important factor affecting law
enforcement during the Middle Ages.’ How far do you agree?
3. ‘The role of the Church was the most important factor affecting law
enforcement during the Middle Ages.’ How far do you agree?
Crime and Punishment c1000- present EXAM QUESTION: Explain why there were changes to crime and punishment in the
period 1000- 1500
Paragraph Focus/ heading – government/ lawmakers. This led to….

1. 1066- Battle of Hastings meant that the Normans took over the Saxons and there This caused most of the changes that
1 occurred during the period 100-1500.
was 5000 Normans to 1.5million Saxons.
The ‘killing a Norman’ law made it so if any
2. Murdrum fine meant that the fines were now paid to the king. This was introduced Norman was murdered all the people of the
because many Saxons suffered under their new Norman laws which lead to a hatred
region had to join together to pay a fine.
of them then creating the new crime ‘killing a Norman’
This deterred people from rebelling against
3. The use of the death penalty increased the amount of crimes punishable by death. the Normans.
Focus/ heading – attitudes/ beliefs. This led to…….
1. Forest laws- made it illegal to poach. This is because the Normans enjoyed People really resented the forest laws as
2 poaching was seen as a way of life and
poaching and therefore didn’t want the Saxons to do it.
something that was needed to be dome to
2. Trial by Combat. This was introduced to show the Saxons that they were a warrior survive.
society and because William believed that God should decide.

Focus/ heading church and religion. This led to …..

1.Church courts- . Church courts dealt with religious or moral crimes and they The introduction of the church courts gave
3 the church much more power. It introduced
believed that punishment should be to try and save the soul of the criminal and
reform them. more crimes and also meant that William
could try and control the behaviour of the
2.The benefit of the clergy allowed priests to be tried in church courts where the priests.
punishments were often light and the trials were much easier
3. The church also offered the right of sanctuary where criminals could not be
arrested in a church.
Conclusion In conclusion the main reason that there were changes in crime and
Threat? punishment in the period 1000-1500 was because of 1066 Battle of Hastings
Most where the Normans took over the Saxons. This is because the Normans then
important? made many changes to the crime and punishment system to deter the Saxons
Caused? from rebelling against them.
Crime and Punishment c1000- present EXAM QUESTION: Explain why the Church sometimes hindered justice in the period c1000 to 1500.

Paragraph Government and Lawmakers: they had the power to create laws and enable power to This hindered justice because…
distributed as they pleased.
1 Church courts were set up by William I to deal with moral crimes (adultery, not attending The increase of power led to the Church being able
1 Church etc.) and those who did not follow the practices of the Church. to treat people as they wished. The Church favoured
2 William I gave the Church a lot of power as he was a religious man. At the time Catholicism was certain people and as a consequence were able to
the only recognised religion and consequently had a lot of power, which was added to by the use their influence to get the desired result. This
Norman monarch. also hindered justice because quite often the wrong
3 William I wanted to be able to control the behaviour of the priests because it would help him person was punished due to the Church’s influence
politically. He did this by giving the Church more power. and power.

Church and Religion: the main religion was Catholicism. This hindered justice because…
1 Claiming benefit of the clergy was introduced to ensure (originally)that all priests could only be Due to the unfaltering trust that people had in the
2 tried in a Church court, where the punishment was often lighter. However, later anyone could Church. It was able to make outrageous decisions
claim the right but they had to read a passage from the Bible. This was okay for the rich but the that weren’t questioned or dealt with. Many people
majority of the poor weren’t educated and therefore were illiterate. didn’t get the justice that they were entitled to and
2 The accused was able to claim sanctuary which let them stay in a Church for 40 days, after as a result numerous people were sent to hang or
which they had to flee the country or turn themselves in. were mutilated wrongly because of the Church’s
3 Due to Catholicism being the main religion, many people believed that whatever the Church influence, power and control.
and God said was true. Trials by ordeal determined who was innocent or guilty through the eyes
of God without sourcing any real and firm evidence.

Attitudes and Beliefs: the attitudes of the people affected how the Church dealt with This hindered justice because…
crime and justice throughout the middle ages.
1 Catholicism was the only accepted religion during the Middle Ages. Many people took what Nobody spoke out against the Church for fear of
3 the Church said as gospel and nobody asked any questions about their decisions. punishment. This gave the Church unrivalled power
2 Trials by ordeal was widely accepted as God chose who was guilty or innocent. This meant that which let them treat people as they wished.
the people wouldn’t ever disagree with the decision because it would be against God and they Unfortunately due to all of this power justice was
would be punished for doing so. However these were abolished in 1215 due to the creation of hindered.
the Magna Carta.

Conclusion Overall, the main factor that caused the Church to hinder justice in the middle ages (1000-1500
Threat? AD) was the religion. Due to Catholicism being the only recognised religion in Britain and Europe,
the Church had an unprecedented amount of power. Unfortunately due to this the Church was
Most able to accumulate more power and had the ability to hinder justice. Their influence meant that
important? they could give lesser sentences to those who affiliated themselves with the Church and
Caused? whoever they wanted to have a lesser or more severe punishment for their crime, whether they
deserved it or not.
Crime and Punishment c1000- present EXAM QUESTION: Explain why there were few changes to law enforcement in the period
c1000 to c1500

Paragraph Focus/ heading Key Individuals (William the Conqueror) This led to….
1. William wanted to keep some of the laws out of respect for the previous king , • The continuation of Tithings, the Hue and
1 Edward the Confessor. Cry and Trail by ordeal and by jury.
2. The Normans came from a warrior nation, trail by battle was an old custom and • William introduced Trail by Combat
William was religious. • He abolished wergild and introduced the
3.William introduced Forest Laws (Witch was a social crime, meaning a blind eye was murdrum fine. There was an increase in
turned to it). Saxons disliked the Normans and were rebellious. Also he thought fines the use of harsh punishments like
should be paid to the king. mutilations and the death penalty.
Focus/ heading Church and Religion This led to…….
1. Trial by ordeal: people started to believe that the accused were cheating. Trail by • Trial by combat was introduced. Trial by
2 battle was an old Norman custom ordeal was abolished in 1215
2. William gave the church more power. They believed that punishment should be • Church courts were used for moral crimes.
used to reform a criminal • Sanctuary was used (up until 1623)
3. No-one could be arrested in church and they believed in ‘Saving the soul’ or
reformation.
Focus/ heading Government and Lawmakers This led to …..
1. As mentioned previously, William had respect for the king before him. He saw that • The continuation of The Hue and Cry and
3 changing the policing methods was not need because they were working for the tithings (until the population grew too big
Saxons to use these methods on which was much
2. The Hue and Cry sometimes failed to catch criminals. after the medieval period) and trial by jury
3. There was no professional police force. • The Sherriff and the posse was introduced.
• The constable was introduced to ‘Police’
the community

Conclusion Not much change took place. William kept most of the laws because he respected the • Tithings, Hue and Cry and Trial by jury
Threat? previous king. He was religious, so he gave the church power. There was no continued
Most professional police force. • Church courts were introduced and
important? ‘sanctuary’ could be claimed
• Trial by combat was introduced after 1066.
Caused?
Trail by Ordeal was abolished in 1215.
• The sheriff, posse and constable were
early forms of ‘policemen’
 Early modern 1500-1700

12 marks
1. Explain why the authorities took vagabondage so seriously in the period 1500-
1700.
2. Explain why there were changes in the numbers accused of witchcraft in the
period 1500-1700.
3. Explain why there were new crimes defined in the period 1500-1700.
4. Explain why there changes in the punishment system during the period 1500-
1700.

16 marks

1. ‘The main purpose of punishments in the period 1000 – 1700 was to deter
people from committing crimes.’ How far do you agree?
2. ‘Attitudes of landowners was the main reason for the changes to the
punishment system in the period 1500-1700.’ How far do you agree?
3. ‘Attitudes of landowners was the main reason for the changing definitions of
crime in the period 1500-1700.’ How far do you agree?
3. ‘The role of religion was the main reason why there were changes in the
numbers of accusations of witchcraft in the early modern period (c1500–c1700).’
EXAM QUESTION: Explain why there were changes in the numbers accused of witchcraft in the period 1500-1700
Crime and Punishment c1000- present EXAM QUESTION: Explain why there were new crimes defined in the period 1500-1700.

Paragraph Focus/ heading – Attitudes and Beliefs… This led to….

1) Due to the increase in strange events, bad harvests and the English Civil War it was The new crimes : witchcraft, vagrancy and
1 heresy were introduced. The witchcraft laws
blamed on witches and led to it being defined as a crime. In 1542 Henry VIII created
the law making witchcraft being punishable by death. were introduced by Elizabeth I in 1563 and
King James I in 1604.
2) The rich were beginning to fear the poor and beggars stealing their money so they
tried to enforce the vagrancy laws to get the poor off of the streets.
3)Due to the religion of England constantly changing, the new crime ‘heresy’ was
introduced to make sure everyone had the same religion and beliefs as the king or
queen.

Focus/ heading – The Media… This led to…….

1) The introduction of printing meant that many of the rich began to give out leaflets This led to a new perspective on crime as the
2 media influenced the public to view crimes
to warn people about beggars and the poor.
differently.
2) Matthew Hopkins released a book called ‘ witches and where to find them’.
3) King James 1 released a book called ‘ demonologie ‘.

Focus/ heading – Urbanisation and Government/Lawmakers… This led to …..

1) Due to a large increase in population the crime rate went up. This led to new crimes being created and the
3 opinion on what a crime should be changing.
2) The government feared revolution and revolt.
3) The government created new and harsher laws to prevent an uprising.

Conclusion New crimes were created from a change in attitudes and perspectives on what a The three new main crimes being created.
Threat? crime should be. This was also influenced by the media and an increase in population. Witchcraft, heresy and vagrancy.
Most
important?
Caused?
 Industrial c1700-1900
12 marks

1. Explain why new crimes were defined in the period 1700-1900.

2. Explain why the problem of highway robbery increased and decreased
during the period 1700-1900.
3. Explain why there were changes to the punishment system in the period
1700-1900.
4. Explain why there were changes to prisons in the period 1700-1900.
5. Explain why there were changes to the system of policing in the period
1700-1900.
6. Explain why transportation was used as a punishment in the period
c1600-1900.
7. Explain why the Bloody Code was introduced in the period 1688-1820.
8. Explain why the Bloody Code was abolished in the 1820s.
9. Explain why transportation was abolished in the 1860s.
Crime and Punishment c1000- present EXAM QUESTION: Explain why highway robbery increased and decreased.

Paragraph Focus/ heading: Travel/ technology This led to….

1 There were lots more roads, especially in and around London. Highwaymen would ride up Highwaymen being able to steal from more
1 and down these roads, searching for stagecoaches to steal from. travellers as there were more coaches on the road
2 The roads that were being built introduced the concept of travelling from place to place. This and more roads for the coaches to be on. Faster
inevitably meant that there were more stagecoaches on the road than before, so it was coaches and better roads meant it was more
simpler to rob a moving coach at gunpoint than pickpocket or steal on foot. difficult for one person on a horse to rob someone
3 Coaches became faster because of the increased demand for travel and they had double the for a relatively small amount of money. Mounted
horsepower – highwaymen couldn’t catch them. Also, more people travelled in their own patrols meant highwaymen were being caught.
coaches to avoid the highwaymen.

Focus/ heading: Wealth / poverty This led to…….

1 Highwaymen tended to be people like discharged veterans who had very little money left Horses were cheaper to buy and were also seen as
2 and had to resort to crime. As always, it is the contrast between the rich and the poor and the a sign of class. Many highwaymen were rich
struggles that is caused by it is what causes crime.. people who had lost their fortune so they would
2 Handguns and horses were both much cheaper to buy and easier to obtain. You could quite get a horse and become a highwaymen to be the
easily buy a weapon and a horse for little money. classiest form of criminal. Banks opened so people
3 Less people carried their wealth around with them on the road due to the threat of carried around less money so there was no point
highwaymen. The robbers’ hauls became smaller and smaller
in going through the trouble of robbing them .
Focus/ heading: Attitudes/ beliefs This led to …..
1 Highwaymen were starting to be romanticised due to influence by the media. Famous poem Highwaymen being treated with respect despite
3 ‘The Highwayman’ was published in 1806 which told the tale of a highwayman and how he their criminal status. Famed for a handful of
saved his lover. The idea of becoming a highwayman seemed to be the gentlemanly way to highwaymen being polite. Views of them
become a criminal, and was more appealing than begging. distorted. Taverns being unlicensed - people
2 Taverns that were frequented by highwaymen were forbidden from getting licenses, which realised that they were still criminals. Declined
spread the idea that highwaymen were criminals, not gentlemen. because they were stopping trade and were
3 Treated like heroes because being on horseback was a sign of eloquence and politeness sought out by the government and hung.

Conclusion Travel/technology was one of the most important factors because it had the biggest impact on
Threat? highway robbery and was where the concept of robbing stagecoaches came from. It also
affected the most people because there were lots more people travelling on the roads so it
Most was likely that a rich person in a stagecoach would be confronted by a highwayman
important?
Caused?
 EXAM QUESTION: Explain why new crimes were defined in the period
Crime and Punishment c1000- present
1700-1900

Paragraph Government and lawmakers. This led to….

1 they believed that these new crimes that were being committed were wrong and should be Crimes such as smuggling and poaching
1 were committed, they were classed as crimes due to laws made
illegal so in order to prevent them they had to make laws against the things that were happing
by government and lawmakers, they weren’t seen as acceptable
due to changes in the industrial period. by the government.
2 decided to create new crimes in the industrial period because they were more varied crimes
and new things that people were able to do that weren’t possible before 1700.
3 people were committing new crimes and the government and lawmakers had to stop them
from doing so by making laws against new things that were happening in the industrial period
therefore they became crimes. The government and lawmakers were wealthy and the people
being effected by these crimes were the wealthy so they wanted to prevent these crimes.
Travel & technology This led to…….

1 due to new forms of travel such as boats/ships enabled people to smuggle, smuggling was New crimes were being committed because they were easy to
2 commit and there were different ways to commit crimes due to
when people would bring products such as brandy and tea to the country without paying fees, it
new ways of travel.
made it cheaper and it was an easy crime to commit.
2 new crimes were defined because they couldn’t be committed before new forms of travel and
new technology was used as they were based around these things for example, people couldn’t
smuggle before boats/ships were used as there was no other way to bring things to the country.
3 highway robbery became a crime in the industrial period because people would use horses and
carts to take money to banks so they carried large amounts of money also it was easier to steal
from somebody when travelling as there wouldn’t be many people to witness the crime.
Attitudes and beliefs This led to …..

1 people believed that the things that people were doing such as smuggling were wrong New crimes being defined because people thought that they
3 were wrong and people wanted the criminals to be punished.
therefore government and lawmakers made them into crimes because the public were not
happy about these crimes.
2 the wealthy were the people effected by these crimes for example landowners were effected
by poaching so they wanted people to be punished for the things that they were doing.
3 new crimes were defined because people wanted these crimes to stop because they were
unhappy about them, also they may have wanted people to be punished for things such as
smuggling as they were wrong.

Conclusion New crimes were defined because due to new technology and forms of travel people had more ways to commit crimes,
Threat? the reason that they became crimes was because the people who were effected by them wanted it to stop and wanted
Most important? the criminals to be punished.
Caused?
 EXAM QUESTION: Explain why there were changes to the punishment
Crime and Punishment c1000- present
system 1700-1900
Paragraph Focus/ heading -Changes In Attitudes This led to….

1 1 At Executions there was a carnival atmosphere, people mocked the authorities and made heroes out of the people being executed. End Of Public Executions in 1868
The Public Executions no longer worked as a deterrent.
2 Convicts were transported to Australia via 3 month journey on a cramped, unhygienic boat. Campaigners called it inhumane. Also
people would rather live in Australia than England, so transportation didn’t work as a deterrent. The reformed prison system was
now the preferred form of deterrent.
3 People were now beginning to believe in reformation and rehabilitation. This led to the Gaol Act of 1823 improving the conditions
of prisons with the idea of prisoners coming out fully reformed.
End of Transportation in 1868

Gaol act and prisons being main form of punishment

Focus/ heading- Key Individuals This led to…….

2 1 John Howard went to Parliament in 1778 to complain about the conditions of prisons in the UK. He wanted better conditions, Gaol Act 1823
separate cells and a church service to allow people to reform properly he wrote the book “The State of Prisons” in 1777
2 Elizabeth Fry was a prison reformer who campaigned for a Separate system, Loom and overall better conditions in Prisons. At first
she went herself to prisons to hand out clothes and food to women in Prisons .
3 Sir Robert Peel was a politician who put a lot of work forward into the laws regarding prisons. He passed the Gaol act of 1823 which Gaol Act 1823
drastically improved the conditions of Prisons in the UK

Gaol Act 1823

Focus/ heading- Government/ Law Enforcement This led to …..

3 1 The Government were scared of a French Revolution (1799) so riots and protests were treated harshly. They were so scared that Stricter Laws regarding Riots
peaceful protests like Peterloo (1819) turned into a massacre.
2 The Government were scared of Trade Unions sparking riot like in France. The Tolpuddle Martyrs of 1883 scared the government
and they were removed from society via transportation as a punishment to deter anybody else from trying to revolt
3 The Government stopped the Bloody code and Transportation in 1868 due to them both not working as a deterrent. They favoured Banning of Trade Removals
Prisons which they passed laws like the Gaol Act 1823 and later the Silent Act 1865 to make them harsher

Change in Punishment System

Crime and Punishment c1000- present EXAM QUESTION: Explain why there were changes to the system of policing in the period 1700-1900

Paragraph Focus/ heading: Urbanisation + Wealth and Poverty This led to….

1 In 1750, people mainly lived in villages throughout the countryside but by 1900, the population • New crimes being created due to new
1 circumstances that criminals have found
was mainly concentrated in towns and cities.
2 There was a huge increase in population from 9.5 million in 1750 to 11.5 million in 1900. themselves in.
• New law enforcement systems being introduced to
3 Higher concentrations of people in small areas, caused by industrialisation and urbanisation,
combat new crimes and new forms of criminals e.g.
led to criminals finding it easier to get away from old law enforcement systems such as hue and
Highwaymen.
cry and tithings.

Focus/ heading: Key Individuals This led to…….

1 Bow Street Runners- The first modern detective force setup to deter criminals by increasing • These key individuals led to the first police force
2 being created.
risk of post crime capture. The success of these full time constables led to more detective offices
and the beginning of a crime intelligence network.
• These individuals responded to the shift in
2 Sir Robert Peel- Wanted to fight the increased crime rates that had been caused by
attitudes in the public.
unemployment and urbanisation. He also believed that the army were too harsh on execution
crowds. Responsible for Metropolitan Police Act 1829.

Focus/ heading: Travel and Technology This led to …..

1 New technologies led to factories being created which thus led to urbanisation. • New technologies introduced new crimes and new
3 opportunities for criminals to get away with crimes.
2 New railways and roads led to easier travel therefore criminals could move more quickly. Also
led to new crimes e.g. highwaymen and bare top tricksters Law enforcement had to change to combat these
new crimes.
3 New technologies led to new crimes

Conclusion 1 New crimes led to different needs for law enforcement. The government then responded to this by
Threat? creating the Metropolitan Police Force in 1829.
Most important?
Caused?
Crime and Punishment c1000- present EXAM QUESTION: Explain why The Bloody Code was introduced in 1688 - 1820

Paragraph Media This led to….

1 There were many early newspapers released that gave descriptive details of robberies and The public and law makers fed into the news
1 reports and misleading stories and so began to
murderers, the public became very fearful of these things and thus feared that murders and
robberies were on the rise. believe that crime was on the up rise (even though
it actually wasn’t) The law makers decided they
2 There were many pamphlets and reports in broadsheets about vagabonds and highway had to take action against it and so began
robberies, typically biased, they were very misleading but the public didn’t know and once increasing the amount of crimes punishable by
again feared about crime rates. death.
3 Due to news reports and media in general being fairly new, the public were quick to believe
whatever they read and chose not to question it, most not realising the news wasn’t always
accurate.

Attitudes and Beliefs This led to…….

1 Many people during this time believed the main purpose of punishment was retribution and The strong beliefs in deterrence and retribution
2 led to the public and MP’s wanting an increase in
revenge. They believed criminals had to die, especially murderers in order to truly receive
justice for the families. the death penalty as it would not only offer justice
for victims and families but hopefully deter the
2 England was heavily religious and followed the church and its beliefs. At this time the church public from committing crimes and thus helping to
was strongly in favour of retribution and believed criminals couldn’t change. reduce what they believed was an increase in
3 People believed that the death penalty would deter people from committing crimes, crime.
deterrence was something that the public believed should’ve been a main purpose of
punishments.

Government and Law Makers This led to …..

1 The government and law makers were heavily influenced by the church’s beliefs so With the law makers being the most influential
3 were
people in the punishment system, the rise in
also in favour of retribution, making more laws punishable by death.
capital punishment was likely mainly due to their
2 It is suspected that ,due to the fact most law makers were wealthy land owners, they were want for retribution and protection of the public.
using the deterring death penalty and strict laws to protect their properties such as the laws
against poaching.
3 Due to the misleading news stories and broadsheets published about increasing crime, the
law makers were also under the impression that crime rates were on the increase and so in
order to ‘protect the public’ they implemented more death sentencing's.

Conclusion Attitudes and Beliefs were likely the most important factors in the increase of death
Threat? sentencing's as the strong religious beliefs meant that retribution and deterrence were very
important to the public and law makers, meaning they believed that capital punishment was
Most the most useful and effective form of punishment leading to more crimes being punishable by
important? death.
Caused?
 Crime and Punishment c1000- present EXAM QUESTION: Explain why transportation was abolished in 1868
Paragraph Attitudes and beliefs- People’s views on transportation changed This led to….

1 1 Conditions on the ships to Australia were no longer as awful, before the voyages would have Transportation being abolished because
resulted in many dead and the rest extremely unwell, this caused people people were no longer being deterred by
to no longer fear transportation as the voyages were no longer killing many people transportation, making it an ineffective
2 People who had been sent to Australia would send lend letters home telling family that being punishment, this occurred due to a change in
in Australia wasn’t like a punishment and was actually quiet enjoyable, causing it to longer
attitudes towards the punishment
scare people
3 People began to believe that Australia was better than the UK so were prepared to commit a
crime to get there, this defeated the point of transportations as it was no
acting as a deterrent

Government and lawmakers- The government found better punishments than transportation This led to…….

2 1 The government struggled to make people not want to go to The abolishment of transportation because
Australia due to their change in views towards how awful the conditions were government and lawmakers believed it was no
2 Lawmakers decided it was no longer a fit punishment for criminals as it wasn’t harsh enough longer an effective form of punishment as it
and wasn’t creating a deterrence, instead prisons began to be used more commonly for wasn’t reducing crime rates.
criminals
3 The government no longer believed that the punishment was teaching people not to break
the law, instead they introduced the silent system in prisons, this was viewed as a far harsher
punishment

Wealth and poverty- There was greater wealth in Australia causing a change in transportation This led to …..

3 1 Thousands of people were trying to buy tickets to Australia because it was a richer country, Transportation being abolished as it was doing
making it less undesirable a punishment the opposite of deter and was actually
2Wages were often higher in Australia meaning when a prisoner finished their sentence they encouraging people to commit a crime
would rather work in Australia than go back to England, this made the intention of reform because they wanted to go to Australia and it
pointless as Britain weren’t benefitting from the expensive punishment
was cheaper than paying for yourself to get
3 In 1851 gold was discovered in Australia, creating a gold rush. This
made people more likely to commit a crime as they wanted to be in Australia because you had
there
a better chance of doing well
Crime and Punishment c1000- present EXAM QUESTION: Explain why transportation was abolished in the 1860s
Paragraph Focus/ heading: change in attitudes & beliefs This led to….

1 1 In the beginning people couldn’t think of anything worse than being transported and many The led to the abolishment of the punishment
people opted for the death penalty. Transportation was sais to be like “slavery conditions” and that because people’s attitudes towards whether it
even the voyage was part of the punishment when it wasn’t intended to be. Transportation was worked or whether it was harsh enough changed.
not being seen as a deterrent as the crime rates in Britain went up when the punishment was being
use. People also thought that it wasn’t punishing the criminals enough for what they did. It was also As transportation was mainly for reformation along
referred to as ‘no more than a summers excursion.’ with removing the criminal, maybe people began to
2 When prisons were first being used for punishment, the purpose of punishment was floating want them to pay for what they did instead of the
between reformation, deterrence and also retribution to make the criminals serve time for what government trying to help change them.
they did.
3 people also started to think that maybe life would be better in Australia so they started going
there voluntarily.

Focus/ heading: government & Lawmakers This led to…….

2 1 By the 1830s it was costing the government half a million pounds to transport criminals to This all led to he complete abolishment of
Australia. transportation as the government needed to keep
2 The use of transportation slowly began to decrease mainly because prisons had been settlers happy top maintain control over that part of
introduced as a new punishment. Prisons were used more because it was simply cheaper to the colony.
run.
3 Settlers in Australia gad established a group to protest against criminals being ‘dumped’ in their
country. They wanted to end the idea that everyone in their country was a convict.

Focus/ heading: wealth and poverty This led to …..

3 1 In 1851 there was a gold rush in Australia and so people went there to get more money and it More people were living in Australia to obtain a
benefitted a lot of people if they were struggling for money. better life and so it links to the abolishment of
2 Wages were also much better because of the gold rush and so being transported wasn’t transportation because it had become a more
necessarily the harshest punishment anymore because people could make a living there pleasant palace and people thought it was better to
3 Thousands of people from Britain tried to find money to buy a ticket to Australia do it obviously live there than in England.
wasn’t a place of punishment and hard labour.

Conclusion In conclusion, the most important factor of why was transportation abolished is changed in The abolishment of transportation led to the
Threat? attitudes and beliefs . Even though the government played a huge part in the abolishment, if government investing much more money in new
Most society thought it was still a good punishment and that I was working , it may have kept going for punishment systems, mainly prisons.
important? longer.
Caused?
 Industrial c1700-1900

1. ‘The main purpose of punishment in the period 1500-1900 was to

reform the criminal.’ How far do you agree.
2. ‘The role of Robert Peel was the main reason for the development of
the first police force in 1829.’ How far do you agree?
3. ‘Changing attitudes were the main reason why there were changes
to the punishment system in the period 1700-1900.’ How far do you
agree?
4. ‘The use of public execution remained an important feature of the
penal system in the years c1500–c1900.’ How far do you agree?
5. ‘The role of reformers was the main reason why prison conditions
improved in the 19th and 20th centuries.’ How far do you agree?
 Twentieth Century

12 marks

1. Explain why there were changes in policing methods in the period c.

1900 to present day.
2. Explain why there were changes to punishments in the period c1900 to
present day.
3. Explain why new crimes were defined in the period c1900 to the
present day.
4. Explain why the death penalty was abolished in the 20th century.
 Twentieth Century

1. ‘Changes to attitudes in society were the main reason for changes in

punishments c.1900 to the present’. How far do you agree?

2. ‘Science and technology has had the biggest effect on policing c. 1900 to the
present day’. How far do you agree? Explain your answer.

3. ‘Changing attitudes in society were the main reason why capital punishment was
abolished in 1965. How far do you agree? Explain your answer.

4. ‘The role of reformers was the main reason why prison conditions improved in
the 19th and 20th centuries.’ How far do you agree?

5. ‘Types of crimes have not changed since the beginning of the 19th century, only
the methods used to commit them.’ How far do you agree?
Crime and Punishment c1000- present EXAM QUESTION: Explain why there were changes to policing 1900- present

Paragraph Focus/ heading: FACTOR eg Technology This led to….

1 1. DNA was introduced in 1980s- this enabled the police to build a

database of criminals and make it easier to solve crimes

2. CCTV

Focus/ heading This led to…….

2 1

Focus/ heading This led to …..

3 1

Conclusion
Threat?
Most
important?
Crime and Punishment c1000- present EXAM QUESTION: Explain

Paragraph Focus/ heading This led to….

1 1

Focus/ heading This led to…….

2 1

Focus/ heading This led to …..

3 1

Conclusion
Threat?
Most
important?
Caused?
DO IT NOW: Answer the following questions.

1. What is capital punishment?

2. What is corporal punishment?
3. What forms of capital punishment were used during the
Middle Ages?
4. What forms of corporal punishment did the Anglo Saxons
use?
5. What were the punishments for breaking the Forest Laws?
6. What punishments were vagrants given?
7. What punishments were heretics sometimes given?
8. How were the Gunpowder Plotters punished?
9. How many crimes were punishable by death in 1688?
10.What were the main reasons for introducing
transportation?
DO IT NOW: Answer the following questions.
1. What is capital punishment?
2. What is corporal punishment?
3. What forms of capital punishment were
used during the Middle Ages?
4. What forms of corporal punishment did
the Anglo Saxons use?
5. What were the punishments for
breaking the Forest Laws?
6. What punishments were vagrants given?
7. What punishments were heretics
sometimes given?
8. How were the Gunpowder Plotters
punished?
9. How many crimes were punishable by
death in 1688?
10. What were the main reasons for
introducing transportation?
1. Punishment that leads to death.
2. Punishment that causes physical
harm.
3. Hanging, beheading
4. Mutilations- fingers cut off, hands
cut off
5. Mutilations, eyes gouged out
6. Whipping, branding, hanging,
house of correction
7. Burnt at the stake
8. Hanged, drawn and quartered
9. 50
10. Remove the criminal, economic-
create an Empire, reform,
deterrent
1. ‘ The Norman Conquest saw little change to law enforcement and punishment in
England.’ How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
2. ‘The role of local communities was the most important factor affecting law
enforcement during the Middle Ages.’ How far do you agree?
3. ‘The role of the Church was the most important factor affecting law enforcement
during the Middle Ages.’ How far do you agree?

1. ‘The main purpose of punishments in the period 1000 – 1700 was to deter
people from committing crimes.’ How far do you agree?
2. ‘Attitudes of landowners was the main reason for the changes to the
punishment system in the period 1500-1700.’ How far do you agree?
3. ‘Attitudes of landowners was the main reason for the changing definitions of
crime in the period 1500-1700.’ How far do you agree?
3. ‘The role of religion was the main reason why there were changes in the
numbers of accusations of witchcraft in the early modern period (c1500–c1700).’
1. ‘The main purpose of punishment in the period 1500-1900 was to
reform the criminal.’ How far do you agree.
2. ‘The role of Robert Peel was the main reason for the development of
the first police force in 1829.’ How far do you agree?
3. ‘Changing attitudes were the main reason why there were changes
to the punishment system in the period 1700-1900.’ How far do you
agree?
4. ‘The use of public execution remained an important feature of the
penal system in the years c1500–c1900.’ How far do you agree?
5. ‘The role of reformers was the main reason why prison conditions
improved in the 19th and 20th centuries.’ How far do you agree?

1. ‘Changes to attitudes in society were the main reason for changes in

punishments c.1900 to the present’. How far do you agree?
2. ‘Science and technology has had the biggest effect on policing c. 1900 to the
present day’. How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
3. ‘Changing attitudes in society were the main reason why capital punishment was
abolished in 1965. How far do you agree? Explain your answer.
4. ‘The role of reformers was the main reason why prison conditions improved in
the 19th and 20th centuries.’ How far do you agree?
5. ‘Types of crimes have not changed since the beginning of the 19th century, only
the methods used to commit them.’ How far do you agree?