V Semester Building Services – III

BUILDING SERVICES - III

MSAJ Academy of Architecture 1

V Semester Building Services – III
CONTENT:

UNIT I AIR CONDITIONING: BASIC REFRIGERATION PRINCIPLES 9

Thermodynamics – Heat – Temperature – Latent heat of fusion – evaporation, saturation

temperature, pressure temperature relationship for liquid refrigerants, refrigeration cycle
components – vapour compression cycle – compressors – evaporators – Refrigerant control
devices – electric motors – Air handling Units – cooling towers

UNIT II AIR CONDITIONING: SYSTEMS AND APPLICATIONS 12

Air conditioning system for small buildings – window types, evaporative cooler, packaged
terminal units and through the wall units split system b) Systems for large building – Chilled
water plant – All Air system, variable air volume, and all water
System Configuring/ sizing of mechanical equipment, equipment spaces and sizes for chiller
plant, cooling tower, Fan room, Circulation Pumps, Pipes, ducts

UNIT III AIR CONDITIONING: DESIGN ISSUES AND HORIZONTAL

DISTRIBUTION OF SYSTEMS 6

Design criteria for selecting the Air conditioning system for large building and energy
conservation measures - Typical choices for cooling systems for small and large buildings -
Horizontal distribution of services for large buildings - Grouped horizontal distribution over
central corridors, Above ceiling, In floor, Raised access floor, Horizontal distribution of
mechanical services

UNIT IV FIRE SAFETY: DESIGN AND GENERAL

GUIDELINES OF EGRESS DESIGN 10

Principles of fire behaviour, Fire safety design principles _ NBC Planning considerations in
buildings – Non- Combustible materials, egress systems, Exit Access – Distance between
exits, exterior corridors – Maximum travel distance, Doors, Smoke proof enclosures General
guidelines for egress design for Auditoriums, concert halls, theatres, other building types,
window egress, accessibility for disabled- NBC guidelines – lifts lobbies, stairways, ramp
design, fire escapes and A/C, electrical systems.

UNIT V FIRE SAFETY: FIRE DETECTION AND FIRE FIGHTING INSTALLATION 8

Heat smoke detectors – sprinkler systems

Fire fighting pump and water requirements, storage – wet risers, Dry rises
Fire extinguishers & cabinets
Fire protection system – CO2 & Halon system
Fire alarm system, snorkel ladder
Configuring, sizing and space requirements for fire fighting equipments

MSAJ Academy of Architecture 2

A I R C O N D I TI O N I N G –
SY STE M S & A PPLI C A TI O N S
C O N T E N T ....

 Air conditioning systems for small buildings – window types,

Evaporative coolers, packaged thermal units and – wall units split

systems.

 Systems for large building – chilled water plant – all Air system –

variable air volume –all watersystem

 Configuring / sizing of mechanical equipment spaces and sizes for

chiller plant –cooling tower –fan room –circulation pumps –pipes –

ducts.
F A C T O R S A F F E C T I N G

A I R C O N D I T I O N I N G ....

–Outdoor Design Conditions – Not in our control

–Building Orientation
–Indoor Design Temperature
–External Glass & Skylights
–External Walls
–Exposed Roof
–Internal Walls, Ceilings & Floors
–Occupancy – Not in our control - defined by the usage
–Lighting
–Equipment inside
–Fresh Air
 S Y S T E M S ....

COOLING SYSTEM vary mostly by the way heat is transferred from the rooms
to the refrigeration machine/mechanical room and from there to the heat
sink. The choice of the heat transfer methods depends on building type
and size.

Cooling system are often classified by the fluids that are used to transfer the
heat from the habitable spaces to the refrigeration machine/mechanical
room.
S m a l l B u i l d i n g s . . . .
Types of units used for air conditioning in small building :
 Window units
 Packaged units
 Split units
 Evaporative coolers
W I N D O W U N I T . . . .

 For air conditioning single spaces like rooms, a window units is used.

 The condenser coil, compressor and one fan are on the exterior side
of an internal partition. The compressor is on the outside because it is
the noisiest part of the equipment.

 On the interior side of the partition

there is the evaporator coil and a
fan to blow air over it.

 As indoor air passes over the

evaporator coil, its temperature is
often lowered

 An adjustable opening in the

interior partition allows a
controlled amount of fresh air to
enter for ventilation purposes.
P A C K A G E D U N I T . . . .
A packaged terminal air conditioner is a type of self-contained heating
and air conditioning system

Packaged units are pre-engineered where most of the mechanical

equipment is assembled at thefactory.

 They offer low installation, operating and maintenance costs.

Rooftop versions are the most common with each unit serving a separate
zone.

Packaged units are also used on the ground for building with crawl
spaces or above suspended ceiling when there is enough space below the
roof.
P A C K A G E D U N I T . . . .
P A C K A G E D U N I T . . . .
S P L I T U N I T . . . .

Most homes and some other buildings find the split units to be most
appropriate.

In the split unit, the compressor and condenser coils are outdoors while
the air handling unit with the evaporator coil is indoors.

The air handling unit also contains the central heating systems.

The illustrate the use of split systems for a small office building. The air
handling units (AHU) with their evaporator coils and heating systems are in
a mechanical equipment room (MER)

The supply ducts are above a suspended ceiling but on the indoor side
of the roof insulation.

The air is supplied to each room through a top register or a ceiling

diffuser. Return air grilles and ducts bring the air back to the air handling
units.

What is a split unit?

A split air conditioner consists of two main parts: the outdoor unit and
the indoor unit.

The outdoor unit is installed on or near the wall outside of the room or
space that you wish to cool
.
The outdoor unit houses the compressor, condenser coil and the
expansion coil or capillary tubing
What is the difference between window and split air
conditioner?

In window ACs, a single unit contains compressors, motors,

connecting pipes and heat exchangers, and the entire air
conditioning unit rests on a single base.

A split type AC incorporates two units: an indoor unit and an

outdoor unit. Copper tubing provides the connection between
the indoor and outdoor unit
Split units are of three types
 Wall Mounted
 Ceiling Mounted
 Cassette type
E V A P O R A T I V E C O O L E R S . . . .

An evaporative cooler (also swamp cooler, desert cooler, and wet air
cooler) is a device that cools air through the evaporation of water.

Evaporative cooling differs from typical air conditioning systems which

use vapor-compression refrigeration cycles.

 Evaporative cooling works by employing water's large enthalpy of

vaporization.

The temperature of dry air can be dropped significantly through the

phase transition of liquid water to water vapor (evaporation), which can
cool air using much less energy than refrigeration.
E V A P O R A T I V E C O O L E R S . . . .

In extremely dry climates, evaporative cooling of air has the added
benefit of conditioning the air with more moisture for the comfort of building
occupants.

Unlike closed-cycle refrigeration, evaporative cooling requires a water

source, and must continually consume waterto operate.

Air washers and wet cooling towers use the same principles as evaporative
coolers but are designed for purposes other than directly cooling the air
inside a building.

For example, an evaporative cooler may be designed to cool the coils of

a large air conditioning or refrigeration system to increase its efficiency.
 AC
Window AC Split AC Cassette AC
Parameters
Any room
Small rooms
with or Large indoor
Suitable For with a
Depending upon the following window sill
without a spaces
window
factors the conditioning systems Relatively on
Minima Silent
Noise the higher
has its own advantages and l noise operation
side
Humidity Humidity
disadvantages: control, dust control, dust
Humidity
Advanced
control, dust filter, filter,
features
 Ducts filter bacteria bacteria
filter filter
Slight
 Portability possibility to
Designer
Barely
Interference indoor units
interfere with interferes
with home blend well
 Aesthetics decor
window
with wall
with interior
curtains and decor
decor
drapes
 Flexible Sizing Indoor and
outdoor units
Minimal Needs
 Affordability Ease of
effort
need some
specialised
installatio amount of
require false ceiling
n effort for
d
installation
SY ST EM S – F O R L A R G E
B U IL D ING S . . . . . .
S Y S T E M S E L E C T I O N . . . .

Water
• Availability of Soft Water for Air Conditioning

Space
• Space for Installation of AC Plant

Operation
• Competence of Operation & Maintenance Staff

Choice of system will depend on building purpose and degree of

occupancy. There are three categories :

i. All -Air system

ii. All-water system
iii.Combination Air-water System
compressor
An air conditioner works by
transforming a refrigerant compound
from a gas to a liquid and back again in
a continuous cycle.

Air conditioners consist of four basic

mechanical parts: a compressor,
condenser, expansion valve and
evaporator.

How does the compressor in an air

conditioner work?

Your air conditioning unit uses

chemicals that convert from gas to liquid
and back again quickly.

These chemicals transfer the heat from

the air inside your property to the
outside air.

The AC unit has three key parts.

These are the compressor, the

condenser, and the evaporator.
condenser
The outside unit, called the condenser,
contains a compressor, cooling fins and tubes
and a fan.

The fan sucks air through the fins and cools a

special coolant, which the compressor then
pumps into the house to the evaporator through
a copper tube.

In systems involving heat transfer,

a condenser is a device or unit used
to condenser substance from its gaseous to
its liquid state, by cooling it.

In so doing, the latent heat is given up by the

substance and transferred to the
surrounding environment.

Both split air conditioner and heat pump

condensers are made of the same basic parts.

The condenser cabinet contains the condenser

coil, a compressor, a fan, and various controls.

The condenser coil can be made of copper

tubing with aluminum fins or all-aluminum
tubing so heat can be rapidly transferred.
expansion valve

A thermal expansion valve (often

abbreviated as TEV, TXV, or TX valve)
is a component in refrigeration and air
conditioning systems that controls the
amount of refrigerant released into the
evaporator thereby controlling
superheat.

The expansion valve removes pressure

from the liquid refrigerant to
allow expansion or change of state from
a liquid to a vapor in the evaporator.

The high-pressure
liquid refrigerant entering
the expansion valve is quite warm.
evaporator
An evaporator is a device in a process used to turn the liquid
form of a chemical substance such as water into its gaseous-
form/vapor.

The liquid is evaporated, or vaporized, into a gas form of the

targeted substance in that process
central Air conditioning systems

Central air conditioning plants are used for applications like big
hotels, large buildings having multiple floors, hospitals, etc,
where very high cooling loads are required.

The article describes various possible arrangements of central

air conditioning plants.

The central air conditioning plants or the systems are used

when large buildings, hotels, theaters, airports, shopping malls
etc are to be air conditioned completely.

The window and split air conditioners are used for single rooms
or small office spaces.

If the whole building is to be cooled it is not economically viable

to put window or split air conditioner in each and every room.

Further, these small units cannot satisfactorily cool the large

halls, auditoriums, receptions areas etc.
In the central Air conditioning systems there is a plant room
where large compressor, condenser, thermostatic expansion
valve and the evaporator are kept in the large plant room.

They perform all the functions as usual similar to a typical

refrigeration system.

However, all these parts are larger in size and have higher
capacities.

The compressor is of open reciprocating type with multiple

cylinders and is cooled by the water just like the automobile
engine.

The compressor and the condenser are of shell and tube type.

While in the small air conditioning system capillary is used as

the expansion valve, in the central air conditioning systems
thermostatic expansion valve is used.

central Air conditioning systems

The chilled is passed via the ducts to all the rooms, halls and
other spaces that are to be air conditioned

Thus in all the rooms there is only the duct passing the chilled air
and there are no individual cooling coils, and other parts of the
refrigeration system in the rooms.

What is we get in each room is the completely silent and highly

effective air conditions system in the room.

Further, the amount of chilled air that is needed in the room can
be controlled by the openings depending on the total heat load
inside the room
Direct Expansion System

The direct expansion system in HVAC has been growing rapidly

due to its ability to get rid of most duct work and piping.

The popularity of this system is because the installation work

has been made easier hence reducing the cost of the overall
system.

The DX System works in such a way that the evaporator is

located in the space to be refrigerated.

When the refrigerant in the evaporator coil expanded, it will cool

the space by absorbing the heat from it.

The mini splits, window air conditioner and packaged

units are examples of such system.

Advantages of Direct Expansion System

Low installation costs.
Ease to test, adjust and balance the system.
Minimum ceiling or wall space needed.
Low energy consumption.
Low maintenance costs.
Individual section can be operated without running the entire
system in the building.
Comfort under varying load conditions.
Low noise level (NC 35).
Good relative humidity control
Air Cooled Condensers

Air Cooled Condensers directly condense

exhaust steam from the steam turbine without
water consumption.

They are frequently used in electrical power

plants and waste to energy plants of all sizes.

An Air Cooled Condenser (ACC) is made of

modules arranged in parallel rows.

Each module contains a number of fin tube

bundles.

An axial flow, forced-draft fan located in each

module forces the cooling air across the heat
exchange area of the fin tubes.

Steam enters the air-cooled condenser at

the top (blue pipe) of the heat exchangers,
flows downward through the heat exchanger
tubes, and it condenses and is captured in
pipes at the base of the heat exchangers.

The condensate is then returned to the boiler

water system
Air cooled condenser
Water-cooled condensers

Water-cooled condensers and chiller barrels are specialized

heat exchangers.

They exchange heat by removing heat from one fluid and

transferring it to another fluid.

A water-cooled condenser is a heat exchanger that removes

heat from refrigerant vapor and transfers it to the water running
through it
Air Distribution Systems

The air distribution system brings fresh air to all rooms and
simultaneously removes extracted, moist or contaminated air
and odors.

Air is exchanged without drafts or bothersome noises, at the

highest possible efficiency.

The air volume can be individually adjusted. Fresh air flows

through round ducts with smooth internal walls
A L L A I R S Y S T E M . . . .

Air is blown across the cold evaporator coil and then

delivered by ducts to the rooms that require
cooling.

Air systems can effectively ventilate, filter and

dehumidify air.

The main disadvantages lies in the bulky ductwork

that is required.
A L L W A T E R S Y S T E M . . . .

The water is chilled by the evaporator coil and then

delivered to fan-coil units in each space.
Although the piping in the building takes up very little
space, the fan-coil
units in each room do required some space.
Ventilation, dehumidification and filtering of air are
possible but not as effective as with an air system.
C O M B I N E D S Y S T E M . . . .

In smaller buildings the heat given off by a

refrigeration machine/mechanical room is usually
dumped into the atmosphere by blowing outdoor air
over the condenser coil.

• To make this heat transfer more efficient, water can

be sprayed over the condenser coil.

• Medium sized buildings often use a specialized piece

of equipment called an evaporative condenser to
dump heat into the atmosphere by evaporating
water.
• A cooling tower also dumps
heat into the atmosphere by
evaporating water.

• This cooling tower is pumped

to the refrigeration
machine/mechanical room.
Most cooling towers are
placed on roofs.

A cooling tower is a specialized heat exchanger in which air

and water are brought into direct contact with each other in
order to reduce the water's temperature.

As this occurs, a small volume of water is evaporated,

reducing the temperature of the water being circulated
through the tower.
C H I L L E D W A T E R S Y S T E M . . . .

Some systems use water as

part of the cooling process.
The two most well- known are
chilled water systems and cooling
tower air conditioners.

The function of the chilled

water system is to transport the
cooling fluid from the chillers, to
the load terminals and back to the
chillers to maintain space comfort.
 The water is cooled by the
chiller and supplied to cooling
coils or heat exchangers where it
cools the air by absorbing energy.
C H I L L E D W A T E R S Y S T E M . . . .

In a chilled-water system, the entire air conditioner is

installed on the roof or behind the building.

It cools water to between 4.4 and 7.2 degrees Celsius.

 The chilled water is then piped throughout the building

and connected to air handlers.

This can be a versatile system where the water pipes

work like the evaporator coils in a standard air
conditioner.

If it's well-insulated, there's no practical distance

limitation to the length of a chilled-water pipe.
C H I L L E D W A T E R S Y S T E M . . . .
V A R I A B L E A I R V O L U M E . . . .

Variable Air Volume (VAV) is a type of heating,

ventilating, and/or air-conditioning (HVAC) system.
Unlike constant air volume(CAV) systems, which supply a
constant airflow at a variable temperature, VAV systems
vary the airflow at a constant temperature.

The advantages of VAV systems over constant-volume

systems include more precise temperature control, reduced
compressor wear, lower energy consumption by system
fans, less fan noise, and additional passive
dehumidification.
Variable Air Volume
 V A R I A B L E A I R V O L U M E . . . .

basically a quality, calibrated air damper with an

It is
automatic actuator.
The VAV terminal unit is connected to either a local or a
central control system.
Control of the system's fan capacity is critical in VAV
systems.

In the cooling mode of operation, as the temperature in

the space is satisfied, a VAV box closes to limit the flow of
cool air into the space.
As the temperature increases in the space, the box
opens to bring the temperature back down.

The fan maintains a constant static pressure in the

discharge duct.
Therefore, as the boxes close, the fan slows down or
restricts the amount of air going into the supply duct. As
the boxes open, the fan speeds up and allows more air
flow into the duct, maintaining a constant static pressure.
 Variable Refrigerant Volume

The VRV system is a multi-split type air conditioner for

commercial buildings that uses variable refrigerant flow
control developed by Daikin to provide customers with the
ability to maintain individual zone control in each room
and floor of a building.
C O N F I G U RIN G O F E Q U I P M E N T. . . .

A method and system of managing a configuration of mechanical

equipment provides a structured procedure.
It helps to manage various parameters of the mechanical equipment to
facilitate the

•maintenance of safety,
•legal compliance,
•performance, and
•reliability of the mechanical equipment.
An actual configuration of the mechanical equipment is determined
based on an evaluation of the mechanical equipment.
Upgrade requirements are planned for upgrading the actual
configuration to the desired configuration if the actual configuration is
noncompliant with the desired configuration.
 S I ZI N G O F E Q U I PM E NT. . . .

Correct sizing of mechanical equipment is important for

several reasons.
Extra money need not be paid up front for an oversized
system.
This is the typical process for the construction of new
buildings.

Mechanical equipment that is larger than needed

results in inefficiencies of the system.

Oversized furnaces and air conditioners cycle on and

off more often than if they were correctly sized.

They blast on and meet the required heating or cooling

loads quickly, turning off before maximum efficiency is
reached.
This is called ‘short-cycling’. Further, this also results in a
shorter service life for the equipment, and can also result
in thermostat and humidity problems.
C H I L L E R S . . . .
A chiller plant is a collection of individual components
that have been selected to work together as a system.
A chiller plant offers a number of benefits over simple
packaged cooling units as
•greater energy efficiency,
•better controllability, and
•longer life.
Also a chiller-based system can be much more
efficient in terms of space utilization within the building
because components need not be located within the
same space.
Water is a more space-efficient heat transfer medium
than air, and therefore works well in space-constrained
applications such as high-rise buildings.
C H I L L E R S . . . .
C H I L L E R S . . . .

These are the characteristics of an efficient chiller plant.

■An efficient design concept.
Selecting an appropriate design concept that is
responsive to the anticipated operating conditions is
essential to achieving efficiency.
■Efficient components.
Chillers, pumps, fans, and motors should all be selected
for stand-alone as well as systemic efficiency.
■Proper installation, commissioning, and operation.
A chiller plant that meets the first two criteria can still
waste a lot of energy—and provide poor comfort to
building occupants—if it is not installed or operated
properly.
For this reason, following a formal commissioning process
that functionally tests should be done for the assurance
of efficiency.
C H I L L E R S . . . .

Though there are a vast number of details

associated with designing an efficient chiller plant,

In new construction projects the following key design

strategies are addressed:

Focus on Chiller Part Load Efficiency

Design Efficient Pumping Systems

Properly Select the Cooling Tower

Integrate Chiller Controls with Building EMS

Commission the System

D U C T S . . . .

 Ducts are used in heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) to

deliver and remove air.

 These needed airflows include, for example, supply air, return air,
and exhaust air.

As such, air ducts are one method of ensuring acceptable indoor air
quality as well as thermal comfort.

A duct system is often called ductwork. Planning ('laying out'), sizing,

optimizing, detailing, and finding the pressure losses through a duct system
is called duct design.