Chapter 4 Pure Bending

Ch 2 – Axial Loading
Ch 3 – Torsion
Ch 4 – Bending
-- for the designing of beams and girders
4.1 Introduction
A. Eccentric Loading

B. Pure Bending
4.2 Symmetric Member in Pure Bending

M = Bending Moment

Sign Conventions for M:

 -- concave upward

⊝ -- concave downward
Force Analysis – Equations of Equilibrium

xz = xy = 0

Fx = 0  x dA  0 (4.1)

My-axis = 0  z x dA  0 (4.2)

Mz-axis = 0  ( y x dA)  M (4.3)

4.3 Deformation in a Symmetric Member in
Pure Bending

Plane CAB is the Plane of

Symmetry

Assumptions of Beam Theory:

1. Any cross section  to the beam axis remains plane
2. The plane of the section passes through the center of
curvature (Point C).
The Assumptions Result in the Following Facts:

1. xy = xz = 0  xy = xz = 0

2. y = z = yz = 0

The only non-zero stress: x  0  Uniaxial Stress

The Neutral Axis (surface) : x = 0 & x = 0

 L   Line DE (4.4)

Where  = radius of curvature

 = the central angle

L  (   y )
' Line JK (4.5)

Before deformation: DE = JK

Therefore,   L'  L (4.6)

  (   y )     y
 
The Longitudinal Strain x =
o

  y
x  
L 
y
x   (4.8)


x varies linearly with the distance y from the neutral surface

The max value of x occurs at the top or the bottom fiber:

c
m  (4.9)

Combining Eqs (4.8) & (4.9) yields

y
 x   m (4.10)
c
4.4 Stresses and Deformation is in the Elastic Range

For elastic response – Hooke’s Law

 x  E x (4.11)

y
 x   m (4.10)
c
y
E x   ( E m )
c
y y
Therefore,  x    m    max (4.12)
c c
Based on Eq. (4.1)

 x dA  0 (4.1)

y y
 x    m    max (4.12)
c c
y m
  x dA   ( c m )dA   c  ydA  0
Hence,

 ydA  first moment of area  0

(4.13)
Therefore,

Within elastic range, the neutral axis passes

through the centroid of the section.

y
According to Eq. (4.3)  x   m (4.3)
c
and  ( y xdA)  M (4.12)

y
It follows
 ( y)( c m )dA  M
m
 dA  M
2
or y (4.14)
c
 Since I   y 2dA

m
 dA  M
2
Eq. (4.24) y
c
can be written as
Mc
m  Elastic Flexure Formula (4.15)
I
At any distance y from the neutral axis:

My
x   Flexural Stress (4.16)
I
If we define

I
Elastic section modulus = S = (4.17)
c
Eq. (4.15) can be expressed as

M
m  (4.18)
S
 c
Solving Eq. (4.9) m  (4.9)

1 m m
  m 
 c E

1 m1 Mc Mc
  [ m  ]
 Ec Ec I I

Finally, we have
1 M
 (4.21)
 EI
 1 3
I 12 bh 1 2 1
S   bh  Ah
c h 6 6
2
4.5 Deformation in a Transverse Cross Section
Assumption in Pure Bending of a Beam:
The transverse cross section of a beam remains “plane”.

However, this plane may undergo in-plane deformations.

x  ,x 

ⓛ
A. Material above the neutral surface (y>0),
 y   x  z   x
y
Since x   (4.8)

y y
Hence, y  z  (4.22)
 
Therefore,  y  ,  z  
B. Material below the neutral surface (y<0),  x  ,  x  

y  , z 

ⓛ
As a consequence,

Analogous to Eq. (4.8)

y
x  
y
 
x

For the transverse plane:

y y 1 y 
'    
y  x  x 
 = radius of curvature,
1/ = curvature

1
Anticlastic curvature = '  (4.23)
 
4.6 Bending of Members Made of Several Materials
(Composite Beams)
y
From Eq. (4.8) x  

E1 y
For Material 1:  1  E1 x  

E2 y
For Material 2:  2  E2 x  

 E1 y
dF1   1dA   dA

E2 y
dF2   2 dA   dA

Designating E2 = nE1

(nE1 ) y E1 y
dF2   dA   (ndA)
 
 My
x  
I

Notes:
1. The neutral axis is calculated based on the transformed section.
2.  2  n x
3. I = the moment of inertia of the transformed section
1 M
4. Deformation -- 
 E1 I
Beam with Reinforced Members:

As = area of steel, Ac = area of concrete

Es = modulus of steel, Ec = modulus of concrete
n= Es/Ec
Beam with Reinforced Members:

As = area of steel, Ac = area of concrete

Es = modulus of steel, Ec = modulus of concrete
n= Es/Ec
x
(bx)  nAs (d  x)  0
2
1 2  determine the N.A.
bx  nAs x  nAs d  0
2
4.7 Stress Concentrations

Mc
m  K
I
4.12 Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry
 x  ( x )centric  ( x )bending

P My
x  
A I
4.13 Unsymmetric Bending

-- Two planes of symmetry

y – axis & z-axis

-- Single plane of symmetry –

y-axis
--M coincides with the N.A.
 For an arbitrary geometry + M applies along the N.A

Fx = 0   dA  0
x
(the Centroid = the N.A.) (4.1)

My = 0  z x dA  0 (moment equilibrium) (4.2)

Mz = 0
 ( y dA)  M
x (moment equilibrium) (4.3)

m y
Substituting x   into Eq. (4.2)
c
Plane of symmetry
 m y m
We have  z(  c
)dA  0 or 
c  z( y )dA  0
or  yzdA  I yz 0 (knowing m/c = constant)

Iyz = 0 indicates that y- and z-axes are the principal

centroid of the cross section.
Hence, the N.A. coincides with the M-axis.

If the axis of M coincides with the principal centroid axis, the

superposition method can be used.
 = = Case A

M z  M cos M y  M sin 
Case B

Mzy
For Case A x   (4.53)
Iz
M yz
For Case B x   (4.54)
Iy
Mz y M yz
For the combined cases : x    (4.55)
Iz Iy
The N.A. is the surface where x = 0. By setting x = 0 in Eq. (4.55), one has

Mz y M yz
  0
Iz Iy

Solving for y and substituting for Mz and My from Eq. (4.52),

Iz
y( tan  ) z (4.56)
Iy
 Iz 
This is equivalent to y / z  m  slope    tan 
I 
 y
The N.A. is an angle  from the z-axis:

Iz
tan   tan (4.57)
Iy
4.14 General Case of Eccentric Axial loading

P MZ y M yz
x    (4.58)
A Iz Iy

Mz My P
y z (4.58)
Iz Iy A
 4.15 Bending of Curved Members

Before bending After bending

Length of N.A. before and after bending R  R ' ' (4.59)

The elongation of JK line   r ' '  r (4.60)

Since r  R y r '  R'  y (4.61)

We have   ( R '  y ) '  ( R  y )

If we define  -  =  and knowing R  = R , thus

   y (4.62)
Based on the definition of strain, we have

 y
x   (4.63)
r r
Substituting r  R y into the above equation,
 y
x   (4.64)
 R y
Also, x = E x
E  y
x   (4.65)
 R y
 E  y
Plotting  x   
 R y

 x is not a linear function of y.

Since r  R  y  y = R – r, therefore,

E  R  r
x  
 r

Substituting this eq. into Eq. (4.1)  x dA  0

E  R  r E  R  r
 dA  0 and   dA  0
 r  r
Rr dA  E  
  r dA  0 or R
r
  dA  0 
 
 cos t . 

Therefore, R can be determined by the following equation:

A
R (4.66)
dA
r
1 1 1
Or in an alternative format:   dA
R A r
The centroid of the section is determined by
1
r   rdA (4.67)
A (4.59)

Comparing Eqs. (4.66) and (4.67), we conclude that:

The N.A. axis does not pass through the Centroid of
the cross section.
 E  R  r
Mz = M    r ydA  M

Since y  R  r , it follows
E  ( R  r ) 2
  r
dA  M

or E  dA
[R2   2 RA   rdA]  M
 r

Recalling Eqs. (4-66) and (4.67), we have

E 
( RA  2 RA  rA)  M

Finally,
E  M
 (4.68)
 A(r  R)
By defining e  r  R , the above equation takes the new form

E  M
 (4.69)
 Ae

Substituting this expression into Eqs. (4.64) and (4-65), we have

My M (r  R)
x   and x  (4.70, 71)
Ae( R  y ) Aer

Determination of the change in curvature:

1 1 '
From Eq. (4.59) 
R R
'

Since     
'
and from Eq. (4.69), one has

1 1  1 M
 (1  )  (1  )
'
R R  R EAe
Hence, the change of curvature is

1 1 M
'
  (4.72)
R R EAeR

End of Ch 4
 E  R  r
x  
 r
 P MZ y M yz
x   
A Iz Iy
1

2
1

2
  x  ( x )centric  ( x )bending

P My (4.58)
x  
A I
(4.58)
my
 z ( c
)dA  0
(4.58)

 yzdA  0 (4.58)
1

2
1

2
1

2
 x
(bx)  nAs (d  x)  0
2
1 2
bx  nAs x  nAs d  0
2
Mc
m  K
I
c
M  b  y x dy
c

c
M  2b  y x dy
0

MU c
RB 
I
 A bh h
R r  
2 dA r2 bdr r2 dr
r1 r r1 r r1 r

h
R
r2
ln
r1
 Mp bc 2 Y 1 2
Z   bc  bh
2

Y Y 4

1 2
S  bh
6
1 2
Z 4 bh 3
k  
S 1 bh 2 2
6
FP
M  Pd
 1
RY  bc Y
2
R p  bc Y

4 2 2
M Y  ( c) RY  bc  Y
3 3
M p  cR p  bc 2 Y

M p  kM Y
M p  Z Y

Mp Z Y Z
k  
M Y S Y S
 2
1 y
M  bc 2 Y (1  Y2 )
3c
3 1 yY2
M  M Y (1  2 )
2 3c

3
M p  MY
2
yY   Y 
c   Y Y
yY 

c Y
3 1 2
M  M Y (1  )
2 3 Y
2
 1
MY  Y
c
I b(2c)3 2 2
  bc
c 12c 3
2 2
M Y  bc  Y
3
Y
x   y
yY
yY Y c
M  2b  y ( y )dy  2b  y ( Y )dy
0 yY yY

2 2
 byY  Y  bc 2 Y  byY2 Y
3
 Iz
tan   tan 
Iy

(4.58)

Mz My P (4.58)
y z
Iz Iy A
(4.58)