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WASTEWATER ENGINEERING

APPLICATION OF HYDROLOGIC
PRINCIPLES IN STORM SEWAGE
STORM SEWER
• simply a drain or drain system is designed to drain excess rain and ground
water from paved streets, parking lots, sidewalks, and roofs.
• They are fed by street gutters on most motorways, freeways and other
busy roads, as well as towns in areas which experience heavy
rainfall, flooding and coastal towns which experience regular storms.
HYDOLOGIC CYCLE

• The water cycle, also known as the hydrologic cycle or the H2O cycle,
describes the continuous movement of water on, above and below the surface
of the Earth.
TYPICAL STORM SEWAGE SYTEM
According to Division of Sewerage and Drainage
Department of Public Utilities, City of Columbus
Rational Method
The rational method shall be used to estimate runoff from drainage
areas smaller than 200 acres. Its use shall be limited to the evaluation
and design of storm sewer systems, small open channels, swales, roadside
ditches, overland flow, shallow concentrated flow, roadway curbs, and storm
sewer inlets. Design discharge, “Q” is obtained from the equation:
1. Rational Method

Q = fCIA
where:
Q = Discharge in cubic feet per second
C = Coefficient of runoff
f = C value correction factor for the design storm
I = Average rainfall intensity in inches per hour
A = Drainage area in acres
2. The NRCS (SCS) Curve Number Method

The NRCS (SCS) Curve Number method, developed in 1969,


partitions the total depth of rainfall into initial abstractions, retention, and

effective rainfall. This method shall be used for areas larger than 200
acres.
The NRCS (SCS) Curve Number Method

(𝑃 −𝐼𝑎)2 σ 𝐶𝑛𝑖(𝐴𝑖)
Q= Cn = 𝐴𝑡
[ 𝑃−𝐼𝑎 +𝑆]
where:
Q = runoff depth (in)
P = rainfall (in)
S = potential maximum retention after runoff begins (in)
= 1000/CN-10,
CN = runoff curve number, and
Ia = initial abstraction (in)
= 0.2 * S
3. Acceptable Runoff Hydrograph Development Methods

Peak flow methods are not appropriate for designing storm water detention
basins, evaluating downstream impacts on streams, and designing major
conveyances with drainage areas larger than 200 acres. In these cases, the City
requires that a hydrograph be developed and routed through the system to support
design and/or evaluation. In addition, hydrograph methods may be used to design
other elements of the drainage system as part of a comprehensive
hydrologic/hydraulic evaluation supported by computer models or other
appropriate means. Designs using hydrograph methods shall be accepted if the
results are presented in the format defined in the Manual for peak flow calculations.
3.1 Unit Hydrograph

A unit hydrograph is the hydrograph of direct runoff that results from one
inch of excess rainfall generated uniformly over a watershed at a constant rate
during a specified time. The City will accept the SCS dimensionless unit hydrograph
as the basis for developing runoff hydrographs. This method uses the table at the
right, in conjunction with the following equations, to develop a unit runoff
hydrograph from each catchment for each 15 minute rainfall increment within the
SCS Type II distribution:
3.1 Unit Hydrograph
(𝑃𝑒)(484)(𝐴)
Qp =
𝑡𝑝
𝒕𝒑 = 0.666(tc)
where:
tp = time to peak, hours
tc = time of concentration, hours
Qp = peak flow rate from one inch of excess rainfall, cfs
Pe = excess rainfall during the 15 minute rainfall increment, in. = total rainfall
minus the abstraction to rainfall
A = watershed area, sq.mi
3.1 Unit Hydrograph
𝒕𝒄 = to + (ts or td)
3.1.1 Overland Flow or Sheet Flow

0.007(𝑛𝐿)0.8
to =
𝑃2 0.5 𝑆 0.4
where:
to = Time of overland flow (hr),
n = Manning’s roughness coefficient for sheet flow
L = Flow length (ft)
P2 = 2-year, 24-hour rainfall (in)
s = Slope of hydraulic grade line (land slope, ft/ft)
3.1 Unit Hydrograph
3.1 Unit Hydrograph

3.1.2 Pipe or Open Channel Flow

𝐿
ts or td =
60𝑉

where:
ts = Travel time for shallow concentrated flow in minutes
td = Travel time for open channel or pipe flow in minutes
L = Flow length in feet
V = Velocity in fps

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