Thesis Proposal

on

Detail Study for Identification and Improvement of

Pavement Condition at Dhulikhel-Panchkhal
Section of Araniko Highway

Aashish Kandel
014-1201
M.Sc.
Transportation Engineering and Management
(TEAM)
 Study Area
2
 Presentation Outline
3

1. Introduction

2. Literature Review

3. Research Methodology

4. Research Plan

5. Budget Plan

6. References
4

1. Introduction
1.1 Background
5

• Transportation infrastructure is an important means for

development of a country.

• Pavements are major assets of highway infrastructure.

• The Construction, Maintenance and Rehabilitation of these
pavements to the desired level of serviceability are
extremely challenging.
 Introduction Contd…..
6

• Due to Negligence of maintenance on time has lead to

cause extreme kind of failure, increasing maintenance
cost and Road user cost(wearing away of tires, higher
consumption of fuel, increase journey time).

• It is estimated that repair cost rises six and eighteen times

the maintenance cost after three and five years of
neglected maintenance period respectively. (Khanna
2015)

• So timely and appropriate Maintenance is must.

 1.2 Problem Statement
7

• Situation of the Pavement is seen poor with various types

of distresses in this section i.e Dhulikhel to Panchkhal.

• Some points total/complete failure was observed.

• Settlement of Pavement at some points is seen through

negate eyes during passage of loaded trucks.

• Frequent occurrence of accident due to worse pavement

condition
 Problem Statement Contd…..
8

• During further upgrading, various consideration on

pavement structure should be done.

• Thickness of the pavement layers at some section was

seen insufficient to hold the axle load of loaded
container from Tatopani Boarder and Trucks carrying
river material from Indrawati and Bhotekoshi River.

• Affected water sources and health of people living

nearby due to dust produced from road.
 1.3 Research Question
9

• What is the Present Pavement condition of Dhulikhel- Panchkhal section of

Araniko Highway?

• What is the Rebound deflection and CBR (California Bearing ratio) value of
the pavement?

• Will there be difference or similarity on the result (i.e. present pavement

condition and recommendation for its improvement), observed from the
analysis through different methods?

• Which Evaluation method will be appropriate for improvement

recommendation which also may be appropriate in contest of our country
Nepal by analyzing the result observed from various methods among the
experts?

• What will be the recommendatiom for improvement of proposed section?

 1.4 Objectives of the study
10

General Objectives:

• To compare the result (i.e Present condition and their

recommendation) observed from various pavement
evaluation methods.

• To Recommend the appropriate Pavement Evaluation

method for the improvement of pavement.
 1.4 Objectives of the study
11

Specific objectives
• To study the present condition of the pavement.
• To evaluate the Rebound deflection and CBR (California Bearing Ratio) value
of the pavement.

• To analyze the similarity or difference on the outcome of result observed

through different analyzing methods.
• To recommend the appropriate pavement evaluation method for the
improvement of the pavement condition, which may also be suitable in contest
of our country Nepal by analyzing the result observed from various methods
among the experts?
• To recommend treatment for improvement of proposed section.
 1.5 Significance of the Study
12

• It is predicted that the outcome of this study will be

helpful in decision level for the Department of road
(DOR).Division road office Bhaktapur who is the
responsible body for the improvement of this section.

• Selection of Appropriate analyzing method of

pavement evaluation recommended by this study will
be useful during Pavement evaluation of other stretch
of road in Nepal.
 1.6 Scope and limitation
13

Scope
• Study area covers Dhulikhel to Panchkhal section of Aaraniko Highway
14.5 Km.
• The scope of the study is to rectify the structural failure occurred on the
pavement
• Various study performed are:-
1. Surface Distress Index (SDI) value.
2. Pavement condition Index (PCI) Value.
3. Rebound Deflection of the Pavement through
Benkelman Beam deflection (BBD).
4. California Bearing Ratio (CBR) value through
Dynamic cone penetration test (DCPT).
Which helps to identify the present pavement condition and
recommend the appropriate treatment measure .
 Scope and limitation Contd….
14

Limitation
• Economic analysis will not be covered by the study.
• Pavement Condition Roughness Index (PCIroughness)
will not be studied.
• Pavement Condition Skid Resistance Index (PCIskid)
will not be studied.
15

2. Literature Review
 2.1 Pavement condition
16

Khanna et al (2015)
Khanna et al (2015) shows a table classifying road distresses
and degree to which they are termed good, fair or poor.
Classification Pavement Condition

Good No cracking, rut depth less than

1. 10 mm
2. Fair No cracking or cracking confined
to single crack on wheel path
with rut depth between 10mm
and 20mm
3. Poor Extensive cracking and /or rut
depth greater than 20mm.
 Pavement condition Contd….
17

• From the above table and studies conducted throughout

the section, the national highway is classified under poor
as the highway has failed and in on very bad condition.
2.2 Literature Review on Surface Distress Index(SDI)
18

According to (DoR MRCU, 1995)

• Distresses are visually assessed using a 10% sampling procedure at last 100 m.
section of each Km.
• Distress elements are divided into two groups major and minor defects
Literature Review on Surface Distress Index(SDI)
Cont.…..
19

• The SDI is a six level rating index from 0 to 5.

• The rating 0 indicates a perfect pavement that is without
any defects and rating 5 indicates a maximum possible
deterioration.
Score Incidence of Minor Defects Incidence of Major Defects
0 None None
1 1 to 20 m2 per 100 m2 1 occurrence
2 <50% of the area 2 to 4 occurrence
3 >=50% of the area <30% of the area
4 >=30% or pothole and base exposed
< 20% of the area
5 Potholes and exposed base >= 20%
of the area
Literature Review on Surface Distress Index(SDI)
Contd….
20

• To assess the pavement condition the terms “good”, “fair”

and “poor” are used based on averaged SDI for a particular
road links”
SDI Value Condition

0-1.7 Good

1.8-3.0 Fair

3.1-5.0 Poor

Source: DoR MRCU, 1995

 Literature Review on Surface Distress Index(SDI)
Contd….
21

• Planned maintenance can be carried out on the roads

which are in the good to fair conditions only.
Rehabilitation or reconstruction is needed for the
road section with poor conditions
SDI Value Action
SDI □ 5 Reconstruction

SDI □ 4 Rehabilitation

SDI □ 3 Resealing with local patching

SDI □ 2 Resealing only

To Page 30
Source: DoR MRCU, 1995
 2.3 Literature Review on Pavement Condition
Index(PCI)
22

US Army Corps of Engineer(Sahin et.al.1997-1994).

• Developed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the
early 1970's and improved over the past 20 years.
• PCI Value ranges from 0-100
PCI range Pavement Condition
85-100 Very Good
65-85 Good
50-65 Fair
40-50 Poor
20-40 Very Poor
<20 Failed

Source: DoR MRCU, 1995

 Literature Review on Pavement Condition
Index(PCI) Cont….
23

• Treatment selection according to PCI scale is shown below.

• Higher the PCI value good is the pavement condition

PCI value Treatment

70-100 Minor Maintainance

40-70 Major Rehabilitation

0-40 Reconstruction

To page 34
 2.4 Literature Review on Benkelman Beam
Deflection
24

According to Nabeel Yousuf and Mohsin Hussian

Khan. (2015)
• This test procedure covers the determination of the rebound
deflection of a pavement under a standard wheel load.

• Benkelman deflection more than the allowable deflection

suggests that the pavement may require an overlay.

• A standard loading of 8170 kg is used for the test.

• The loading points on the pavement varies with the width of the
pavement.
 Literature Review on Benkelman Beam
Deflection cont…..
25

Lane Width (Meters) Distance from lane Edge (Meters)

2.8 or less 0.5
3 0.6
3.2 0.7
3.4 0.8
3.6 or more 0.9

• Allowable deflection as per IRC guidelines

Design traffic (com.veh/day) Allowable deflection, mm

150 – 450 1.5

450 – 1500 1.25

1500 - 4500 1
Source: IRC 37-2001
To Page 35
 2.5 Literature Review on Dynamic cone
Penetration Test(DCPT)
26

K.S Gill &J.N Jha, A.K Choudhary, S.K Shukla (2011).

• The design of new flexible pavement and rehabilitation of existing
pavement need an accurate estimate of CBR value.
• The DCPT test value can be used to estimate the CBR values.
• Calculated CBR value will be now useful to calculate the required
pavement overall thickness recommended by IRC 37-2001.
• Where thickness composition of different layer is given by by IRC
37-2001 for different CBR value .
 Literature Review on Dynamic cone Penetration
Test(DCPT) Cont.…..
27

Pavement thickness design chart Thickness compositions of different layers

Source: IRC 37-2001

Page 38
28

2. Research Methodology
 3.1 Flow Chart of Research Methodology
29
Problem Identification

Setting Research Question and Objective

Study Area Selection

Consultation

Data Collection
Supervisor

Literature
Review
Primary Data
Pavements Defects Secondary Data
BBD Deflection Traffic Data
DCPT Data

Data Analysis

Result and Discussion

Conclusion and Recommendation

 3.2. Study Area
30

• The study area is Dhulikhel bus park – Khawa – Pachkhal

sections of Kavrepalanchok District.
• Administrative classification: National Highway.
• Road Link: H0310
• 30 km. from the capital city Kathmandu.
• Lengths of study section14.5 Km. from Dhulikhel bus park
31 Fig:-Study area map(Dhukhel –Panchkhal section)
 3.3 Data collection and Analysis
32

Primary Data
• Pavement Defects –Will be collected at last 100 m of
each Km.

• Benkelman Beam Deflection- Pavement rebound

deflection will be observed at interval of 100 m selecting
the appropriate location at alternative side

• Dynamic cone penetration Test (DCPT)-Will be observes

at interval of 200 m. for first 8 Km. and 500m for 6.5 Km.
 A. Field Survey Form – Surface Distress Index(SDI)
33

 To page 20
B. Field Survey Form-Pavement Condition Index(PCI)
34

To page 22
 C. Field Survey Form- Benkelman Beam Deflection(BBD)
35

To page 25
 Benkelman Beam Deflection(BBD) Contd….
36

• If rebound deflection exceeds allowable deflection we

should go to overlay design.
• Correction to be done
Temperature correction
Temperature correction 0.0065° mm per°c if temp.is above 35°c
No correction to be done if temp. is below 30° c
Sub-grade moisture correction
Acc.to IRC correction factor is 2 for clayey soil and (1.2-1.3) for sandy
subgrade soil

• Finally we get Rebound deflection after temp. and sub-

grade moisture variation
 Benkelman Beam Deflection(BBD) Contd….
37

• Overlay Thickness
∆𝐨
h=R𝐥𝐨𝐠 mm.
∆
Where,
h= Overlay thickness
R= Constant whose value is taken 550
∆o= Characteristic Deflection
∆= Allowable Deflection
Note:
For Bituminous macadam h=0.7*h
 D. Field Survey Form-Dynamic Cone
Penetration Test (DCPT)
38

No. of Blows Penetration (mm.) Cum. No. of Blow Cum.Penetration

(mm.)

To page 27
 3.4 Research Matrix
39
How to
Objective Data Required Data Sources Achieve
Objective
To study the present ●SDI Value ●Result from
condition of the ●PCI Value ●Field Survey various
pavement. ●Benkelman Rebound deflection. evaluation
methods
To evaluate the
Rebound deflection ●Benkelman Rebound deflection. ●Result from
and CBR (California ●Dynamic cone penetration test ●Field Survey BBD and DCPT
Bearing Ratio) value data.
of the pavement.
To analyze the Analysis of result obtained ●Comparison of
similarity or difference through: Result from
on the outcome of ●SDI Result ●Outcome of different
result observed ●PCI Result Result pavement
through different ●Rebound deflection of pavement evaluation
analyzing methods. Observed methods.
 Research Matrix Contd….
40

Objective Data Required Data Sources How to Achieve

Objective
Which Evaluation method will
be appropriate for improvement
recommendation which also ●Research Findings. ●Discussion among
may be appropriate in contest of ●Study of Results ●Focus group experts.
our country Nepal by analyzing
the result observed from various
methods among the experts?

What will be the treatment for ●SDI Result ●Selection of ●Analysis of result
improvement of proposed ●PCI Result best treatment obtained through:
section? ●Rebound deflection of pavement method
Observed according to
site condition.
 4. Research Plan
41

Duration
2016-2017
S.N Activity
January February March April May

1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4
1 Literature Review
Proposal and Presentation of
2 Proposal.
3 Data Collection & Processing

4 Data Analysis

5 Preparation of draft report.

Submission of Draft Report/Pre
6 Defense
Final thesis report defense
7 correction and submission.
 5. Budget Plan
42

S.N Description of Expense Amount.NRs.

1 Thesis Printing , Binding and stationary 15,000.00

2 Transportation and Field Survey 25,000.00

3 Wages of support personnel 5000.00

4 Communication (Internet, phone, etc) 3000.00

5 Miscellaneous (Petrol, Food, etc) 8000.00

Total 56,000.00
 6. References
43
du

• DoR, (1994), “DoR Strategy”,Department of Roads, Kathmandu

• AASHTO,(1990),“Guidelines for Pavement Management Systems”, American
Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials, Washington, D.C,
• Department of Road Maintenance and Rehabilitation Co-ordination Unit (MRCU), (1995),
“Discussion Paper on Road Pavement Management”, HMG of Nepal, Ministry of works
and Transport.
• GON Ministry of works and transport department of Roads (1995), “Discuss paper on
Road pavement management”.
• Department of Road Maintenance Branch, (2005), “Standard Procedure for Periodic
Maintenance Planning”, HMG of Nepal, Ministry of Physical Planning and Works.
• GoN; “Nepal Road Standards”, 2070.
• ER.Bishnu pd. Devkota, (2015), “Pavement Management System”,M.Sc. in
Transportation Engineering and Management, 2rd semester class notes, Nepal Engineering
College – Center for post graduate studies, Kathmandu.
• DR. Tusitachadanishahi(2014), “Pavement Engineering”, M.Sc. in Transportation
Engineering and Management, 3rd semester class notes, Nepal Engineering College –
Center for post graduate studies, Kathmandu.
• Tiza Michael, AnandKumar,Avinash Kumar Patel(November 2016), “Pavement Condition
Survey; A Compendium Of Distresses On NH 12 - Kota -Jhalawar India” International
Journal of Engineering Research in Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IJERMCE)
 References Contd…
44
• Shahin, M. Y., (1994), “Pavement Management for Airports, Roads and Parking
Lots”, 1nd edition, Kluwer Academic Publishers, New York, USA
• Haas, R., Hudson, W. R. and Zaniewski, J., (1994), “Modern Pavement
Management”,Krieger Publishing Company, Florida
• Bugao Xu and Yaxiong Huang, “Project Summary Report 7-4975-S Project 7-4975:
Automated Pavement Cracking Rating System”
• Xinren Yu the University of Toledo Xinren Yu the University of Toledo “Pavement
surface distress detection and evaluation using image processing technology”
• Prof. A.A.Patel,Dhaval V. Lad.,(2015)“ Pavement Evaluation by Benkelman Beam of
State Highway Section” Parul Institute of Engineering & Technology, Waghodia.
• INDOT Research Dynamic Cone Penetration Test (DCPT) for Subgrade Assessment.
“Standard Test Procedure for Benkelman Beam Deflection Measurements, Transit”
NEW Zealand ARARAU AOTEAROA, June1997
• Nabeel Yousuf and Mohsin Hussian Khan. (2015) “Strengthening of Feexible Pavement
through Benkalman Beam Deflection (BBD) Technique” IMPACT: International Journal
of Research in Engineering & Technology (IMPACT: IJRET)
• J.H DeFoe, (1983) “Benkelman Beam Testing of Shoulder and Pavement Recycling
Projects” MDOT Research Report No.R-1217
• K.S Gill &J.N Jha, A.K Choudhary, S.K Shukla (2011). “Estimation of CBR Value Using
Dynamic Cone Penetrometer”.
45

Thank You!