Principles of Anatomy

and Physiology
Thirteenth Edition

Gerard J. Tortora • Bryan H. Derrickson

Chapter 6
The Skeletal System: Bone Tissue

Copyright © 2012 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

 Articular cartilage
Proximal epiphysis Spongy bone (contains red bone
marrow)
Metaphysis Red bone marrow
Epiphyseal line

Compact bone
Endosteum (lines medullary cavity)
Nutrient artery
Diaphysis
Medullary cavity (contains
yellow bone marrow in adults)
Periosteum

Humerus

Metaphysis

Distal epiphysis Articular cartilage

(a) Partially sectioned humerus (arm bone)

 Proximal epiphysis

Epiphyseal line
Spongy bone
Metaphysis

Compact bone

Medullary cavity in diaphysis

(b) Partially sectioned humerus

 From bone cell lineage From white blood cell lineage

Ruffled
border

Osteogenic cell Osteoblast (forms Osteocyte (maintains Osteoclast (functions in

(develops into an bone extracellular bone tissue) resorption, the breakdown
osteoblast) matrix) of bone extracellular
matrix)
Osteoblast Osteocyte Osteoclast

SEM 1160x SEM 1160x SEM 5626x

Dr. Richard Kessel Dr. Richard Kessel
and Randy and Randy
Kardon/Tissues & Kardon/Tissues &
Organs/Visuals Organs/Visuals
Unlimited Unlimited
Compact bone
Medullary
Spongy bone cavity Osteocyte
Interstitial Outer Concentric Canaliculi
Periosteum
lamellae circumferential lamellae
lamellae Lacuna
See Figure 6.3b for Blood
details vessels

Medullary
cavity

Osteon
Trabeculae
Periosteal vein
Periosteal artery
Inner
circumferential Periosteum:
lamellae Outer fibrous layer
Inner osteogenic layer
Central canal
Spongy bone
Perforating canal
Compact bone Perforating (Sharpey’s)
fibers
(a) Osteons (haversian systems) in compact bone and trabeculae in spongy bone
 Lacuna
Lamellae

Space for red Canaliculi

bone marrow Osteocyte

Trabeculae Osteoclast

Osteoblasts aligned
along trabeculae of
new bone
(b) Enlarged aspect of spongy bone trabeculae (c) Details of a section of a trabecula
 Articular cartilage
Epiphysis Epiphyseal artery
Epiphyseal vein

Epiphyseal line
Metaphysis
Metaphyseal artery

Metaphyseal vein

Medullary cavity

Compact bone
Diaphysis Periosteal artery
Periosteal vein
Periosteum
Nutrient foramen
Nutrient vein

Partially sectioned tibia (shin bone) Nutrient artery

Flat bone of
skull

Mandible
 Blood capillary

Ossification center

Mesenchymal cell

Osteoblast

Collagen fiber

1 Development of ossification center:

osteoblasts secrete organic
extracellular matrix
 Osteocyte in lacuna

Canaliculus

Osteoblast

Newly calcified bone

matrix

2 Calcification: calcium and other

mineral salts are deposited and
extracellular matrix calcifies (hardens)
 Mesenchyme condenses
Blood vessel

Spongy bone
trabeculae

Osteoblast

3 Formation of trabeculae: extracellular matrix

develops into trabeculae that fuse to form
spongy bone
 Periosteum

Compact bone tissue

Spongy bone tissue

Compact bone tissue

4 Development of the periosteum:

mesenchyme at the periphery of the bone
develops into the periosteum
 Perichondrium

Proximal Hyaline
epiphysis cartilage

Diaphysis

Distal
epiphysis

1 Development of cartilage model: mesenchymal

cells develop into chondroblasts, which form
the cartilage model.
(a) Sequence of events
Perichondrium

Uncalcified
extracellular
matrix

Calcified
extracellular
matrix

2 Growth of cartilage model: growth occurs

by cell division of chondrocytes.
(a) Sequence of events
 Periosteum

Primary
Nutrient ossification
artery center

Spongy
bone

3 Development of primary ossification center: in

this region of the diaphysis, bone tissue replaces
most of the cartilage.
(a) Sequence of events
Uncalcified
extracellular
matrix

Calcified
extracellular
matrix

Periosteum

Medullary cavity

4 Development of the medullary (marrow)

cavity: bone breakdown by osteoclasts
forms the medullary cavity.
(a) Sequence of events
Secondary
ossification
center Uncalcified
extracellular
matrix

5 Development of secondary ossification centers:

these occur in the epiphyses of the bone.

(a) Sequence of events

 Articular cartilage

Spongy bone

Epiphyseal plate

6 Formation of articular cartilage and epiphyseal plate: both

structures consist of hyaline cartilage.
(a) Sequence of events
(b) Fifteen-week fetus. The red areas represent
bones that are forming (calcified). Dark gray areas
represent cartilage (uncalcified).
(a) Radiograph showing the epiphyseal plate
of the femur of a 3-year-old
Femur

EPIPHYSEAL
PLATE

Tibia
 Diaphyseal side
Developing bone of
diaphysis
Zone of calcified cartilage

Zone of hypertrophic
cartilage

Zone of proliferating
cartilage

(b) Histology of the

epiphyseal plate Zone of resting cartilage

Epiphyseal side LM 400x

 Articular cartilage
Epiphysis

EPIPHYSEAL (GROWTH) New chondrocytes are formed

PLATE:
Zone of resting cartilage
Zone of proliferating cartilage Old chondrocytes are replaced
Zone of hypertrophic cartilage by bone
Zone of calcified cartilage New diaphysis

Diaphysis

(c) Lengthwise growth of bone at epiphyseal plate

 Periosteal ridges

Periosteum

Periosteal blood vessel

Perforating canal

Groove

1 Ridges in periosteum create groove for

periosteal blood vessel.

(a) Microscopic details

 Endosteum

Tunnel

2 Periosteal ridges fuse, forming an endosteum-

lined tunnel.

(a) Microscopic details

 Endosteum

3 Osteoblasts in endosteum build new concentric

lamellae inward toward center of tunnel, forming
a new osteon.

(a) Microscopic details

Central Circumferential
(haversian) lamellae
canal
Periosteum

New osteon

4 Bone grows outward as osteoblasts in

periosteum build new circumferential
lamellae. Osteon formation repeats as new
periosteal ridges fold over blood vessels.

(a) Microscopic details

 Bone formed by
osteoblasts
Bone destroyed
by osteoclasts
Medullary
cavity

Infant Child Young adult Adult

(b) Macroscopic changes

Open (Compound)

Humerus

Radius

Ulna
Comminuted

Humerus
Greenstick

Ulna

Radius
Wrist
bones
Impacted

Humerus
 Pott

Tibia

Fibula

Ankle bones
Colles’

Radius
Ulna

Wrist
bones
Osteon
Periosteum

Compact bone

Spongy bone

Fracture hematoma
 Blood vessel

Phagocyte

Fracture hematoma

Red blood cell

Bone fragment

Osteocyte

1 Formation of fracture hematoma

Fibroblast

Phagocyte

Fibrocartilaginous
callus
Osteoblast

Collagen fiber

Chondroblast

Cartilage

2 Fibrocartilaginous callus formation

Bony callus

Osteoblast

Spongy bone

Osteocyte

3 Bony callus formation

New compact bone

Osteoclast

4 Bone remodeling
 Some stimulus
disrupts homeostasis
by

Decreasing

Blood calcium (Ca2+) level

Receptors
Parathyroid gland
cells detect
lowered Ca2+
concentration
Increased production
Input
of cyclic AMP
Control center
PTH gene “turned on”

Return to homeostasis
Increased when response brings
Output
release of PTH blood Ca2+ level back
Effectors to normal
Osteoclasts Kidneys retain
increase Ca2+ in blood,
bone excrete
resorption phosphate in
urine, and
produce
calcitriol

Increase in blood
Ca2+ level
 SEM 30x SEM 30x

(a) Normal bone (b) Osteoporotic bone