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Safety BASICs
Electrical Hazards
• Shock
• Arc flash
– Heat
– Fire
• Arc blast
– Pressure
– Shrapnel
– Sound
Example of an arcing fault
I=V/Z
mA Affect on person
0.5 - 3 - Tingling sensations
3 - 10 - Muscle contractions and pain
10 - 40 - “Let-go” threshold
30 - 75 - Respiratory paralysis
100 - 200 - Ventricular fibrillation
200 - 500 - Heart clamps tight
1500 + - Tissue and organs start to burn
©2004 Cooper Bussmann
Electric Current Pathways
(A) Touch Potential (B) Step Potential (C and D) Touch / Step Potential
Current passing through the heart and lungs is the most serious
Current
Thru Air
A B A B
©2004 Cooper Bussmann
Electric Arc
Molten Metal
35,000 °F
Pressure Waves
Sound Waves
Intense Light
©2004 Cooper Bussmann
Personnel Hazards Associated
With Arc Flash & Arc Blast
• Heat – burns & ignition of material
o
– Arc temperature of 35,000 F
– Molten metal, copper vapor, heated air
• Second degree burn threshold:
o o
– 80 C / 175 F (0.1 sec), 2nd degree burn
• Third degree burn threshold:
o o
– 96 C / 205 F (0.1 sec), 3rd degree burn
• Intense light
– Eye damage, cataracts
©2004 Cooper Bussmann
Personnel Hazards Associated
With Arc Flash & Arc Blast
• Pressures from expansion of metals &
air
• Eardrum rupture threshold:
– 720 lbs/ft2
• Lung damage threshold:
– 1728 - 2160 lbs/ft2
• Shrapnel
• Flung across room or from
ladder/bucket
©2004 Cooper Bussmann
Overcurrent Protection Role
Flash protection boundaries and
incident energy exposure calculations
both dependent upon:
Duration of arc-fault or time to clear
• Speed of the overcurrent protective
device
6 cycle STD
640A OCPD
Set @ 6 cycle opening Non Current Limiting
with Short Time Delay
Fault Initiated on
Line Side of 30A
Fuse
30A RK-1
Current Limiting Fuse
Size 1 Starter
601A.
Class L
Current Limiting Fuse
Fault Initiated on
Line Side of 30A
Fuse
30A RK-1
Current Limiting Fuse
Size 1 Starter
601A.
Class L
Current Limiting
Fuse
30A RK-1
Current Limiting
Fuse
Fault Initiated on
Load Side of 30A Size 1 Starter
Fuse
©2004 Cooper Bussmann
©2004 Cooper Bussmann
Test 1 Still Photo
Sound
(No Change
From Ambient) P1
(No Change
T2 From Ambient)
(No Change
From Ambient) T1
T3 (No Change
From Ambient)
(No Change
From Ambient)
©2004 Cooper Bussmann
Current-Limitation: Arc Energy
Reduction
Test 4 Non-Current Limiting