Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Dr. Muhammad Rafique
Anatomy, DIMC
°
þ Define the basal nuclei
þ Know the components of basal nuclei
þ Discuss the detlaited structures of Caudate,
Putamen, Globus Pallidus, Amygdaloid Nucleus &
Claustrum.
þ Know role of Substantia Nigra & Subthalamic
Nucleus
þ Understand the Afferent and Efferent connection of
Basal Nuclei
þ Have knowledge about the clinical manifestation of
basal nuclei
á
èhat is
Nucleus?
èhat is
Ganglion?
èhat are Basal
Nuclei?
The term basal nuclei is Definition
applied to a collection of
masses of gray matter
situated within each
cerebral hemisphere.
They are
Corpus striatum
Amygdaloid nucleus
Claustrum
The subthalamic nuclei, the
substantia nigra, and the
red nucleus are
functionally closely related
to the basal nuclei, but
they should not be
included with them.
á
á
The basal nuclei play ]
an important role in
the control of á
posture and
voluntary
movement. Unlike
many other parts of
the nervous system
concerned with
motor control, the
basal nuclei have
no direct input or
output connections
with the spinal
cord.
The corpus striatum is situated
lateral to the thalamus and is
almost completely divided by
a band of nerve fibers, the
internal capsule, into
Caudate nucleus (medially)
Lentiform nucleus (laterally)
The term striatum is used here
because of the striated
appearance produced by the
strands of gray matter passing
through the internal capsule
and connecting the caudate
nucleus to the putamen of
the lentiform nucleus
|
á
á
á
á
The paleness of the
globus pallidus is
due to the presence
of a high
concentration of
myelinated nerve
fibers. Inferiorly at
its anterior end, the
putamen is
continuous with the
head of the caudate
nucleus.
The amygdaloid nucleus is
situated in the temporal ÷
á
lobe close to the uncus.
The amygdaloid nucleus is
considered to be part of
the limbic system.
Through its connections,
it can influence the body's
response to
environmental changes. In
the sense of fear, for
example, it can change
the heart rate, blood
pressure, skin color, and
rate of respiration.
á
The substantia nigra of
the midbrain is
functionally closely
related to the
activities of the
basal nuclei. The
neurons of the
substantia nigra are
dopaminergic and
inhibitory and have
many connections
to the corpus
striatum.
Subthalamic nuclei
of the
diencephalon
á
closely related to
basal nuclei.
Neurons of the
subthalamic
nuclei are
glutaminergic and
excitatory and
have many
connections to
the globus
pallidus and
substantia nigra.
The claustrum is a thin
sheet of gray matter
that is separated
from the lateral
surface of the
lentiform nucleus by
the external capsule.
Lateral to the
claustrum is the
subcortical white
matter of the insula.
The function of the
claustrum is
unknown.
÷]] á|]
G
]
Striatopallidal fibers
pass from the
caudate nucleus
and putamen to
the globus
pallidus. They
have gamma-
aminobutyric acid
(GABA) as their
neurotransmitter
]
Striatonigral fibers
pass from the
caudate nucleus
and putamen to
the substantia
nigra. Some of the
fibers use GABA or
acetylcholine as
the
neurotransmitter,
while others use
substance P.
Connections of
the Globus
Pallidus
÷]] á|]
]
Striatopallidal fibers
pass from the
caudate nucleus
and putamen to
the globus
pallidus. These
fibers have GABA
as their
neurotransmitter.
]
]
Pallidofugal fibers
are complicated
and can be
divided into
groups
(1) Ansa
lenticularis,
which pass to
the thalamic
nuclei
(2) Fasciculus
lenticularis,
which pass to
the subthalamus
]
(3) Pallidotegmental
fibers, which
terminate in the
caudal
tegmentum of the
midbrain
(4)
Pallidosubthalami
c fibers, which
pass to the
subthalamic
nuclei.
Clinical Conditions
Related to
Basal Nuclei
0
0
O
0
u
0
0
u
u
0
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M
0
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=Hyperkinetic disorders result from underactivity in the indirect pathway.
example: Lesions of STN result in Ballism. Damage to the pathway from Putamen to GPe
results in Chorea, both of them are involuntary limb movements.
excitation
Putamen inhibition
^
GPe
GPi
GPe/i: Globus pallidus
Thalamus internal/external
STN: Subthalamus
Nucleus
STN
SNc: 0
SNc
/1 23/342
0
0 0
56
7
/
8
9
:
32>66/