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FUNCTIONAL CLASSIFICATION OF
URBAN CENTERS
SUBMITTTED BY:
T.S.GURURAJA
SUBMITTED TO: 14011BA030
Mrs. TUHINA SINHA B.TECH PLANNING
2ND SEMESTER
•The presence of an iron and steel industry and textile industry lends a certain name
and character to the city. Some cities are known for their administrative status as state
or district capitals.
•The range of economic activities in a city covers the entire spectrum of primary,
secondary and tertiary activities.
•In the Indian context, primary activities are very much apart of the urban scene, as
nearly a third of India’s urban places have agriculture as relatively the most dominant
economic activity.
•The classification of cities based on the relative importance of primary, secondary and
tertiary activities.
• The definition of ‘function’ will be used, wherein the primary and secondary sectors
are totally excluded, while only a restricted range of tertiary activities are included.
• For purpose of city classification such a restricted interpretation of the term is not
desirable.
• In the early 1950s, it was considered appropriate to classify urban places on the
basis of their dominant function. Further, The number of workers is not always the
best measure of the importance's of the an economic activity .
• The functional classification of cities has been replaced by the multiple function
approach.
• India’s cities were first classified in terms of functional categories by Amrit Lal using
the 1951 census data.
• The classification, how ever, suffer from a number of methodological deficiencies,
and infact does not even list the one lakh of 67cities according to the functional
groups in to which they have been divided .
• Ashok mitra has attempted a classification of all towns and cities common to the
1961 and 1971 censuses.
• The factor analytical method and various grouping procedures were also adopted
by Qazi Ahmad for classifying the one lakh cities of India in 1961.
• Of the two methods employed by Mitra , the earlier method is more satisfactory
and the second classification employs quantitative procedure of factor and cluster
analysis.
• Quazi Ahmad used to many variable with no selectivity while Asoka mitra used
too few variables representing only the economic or functional aspect.
•The 219 cities fall into seven
categories, among which cities
specializing in manufacturing, trade or
services are by far the most numerous.
A through classification of all urban places in India was attempted by Asok Mitra. He
grouped the seven industrial categories of workers into three broad groups to derive
three major functional types:
B. Trade and transport town: where the percentage of workers in categories 7&8
together is greater than in category 9 or in categories 3,4,5 and 6 put together.
C. Service town: Where the percentage of workers in category 9 is greater than the
total percentage of workers in categories 7&8.
The manufacturing towns and trade and transport towns were further sub classified as
follows: 1.Miningand quarrying, livestock, forestry. fishing or plantation town
2.Artisan town
3.Manufacturing town
4.Construction town
5.Trade town
6.Transport town
Triangular method
The degree of specialization in each of three basic groups was identified on the basis of a
triangular method.
In this method, The number of workers in each of the
three groups is expressed as a percentage of the total.
In particular, it succeeds in differentiating the manufacturing, trading and service cities.
The vast majority of India cities, however, have no clear specialization in any one economic
activity and infact have a diversified economic base. Specialization appears, on the whole, as the
expectation rather the rule. Nevertheless, manufacturing cities do appear as a major subtype
among Indian cities, and stand in contrast to the general run of diversified cities.
Specialization in trade, service, mining or transport occurs only in a handful of cities. Though
these are the important deviant or exceptional cases, their numbers are too significant.
The diversified city with the multiple functions including manufacturing, trade and service
constitutes the most common and representative type of city. The Indian urban system is indeed
basically a system of diversified cities.
Any descriptive classification suffers the drawback of not having a sufficient theoretical base
which might enable it a wider application. This was later rectified by the use of statistical
techniques to determine which was really the dominant function so as to help create a proper
scale of reference for classification.
Problems in urban classification arise mainly when the level of measurement of urban
characteristics is raised to the interval scale. Here urban places are differentiated on the basis of
single or multiple criteria or variables.
Towns and cities may be classified on the basis of their site characteristics as sea front, river
front, flat land or hilly cities.
They may be classified on the basis of their social attributes as Hindu cities, Muslim cities,
Christian cities.
Ex: Urban places may be classified on the basis of their administrative status as national capital,
state capitals, district head quarters.
The factor analytical method used for classification of India’s urban places by Qazi Ahmed and
Asok Mitra, have generated more doubts and ambiguities.
The utility and meaningfulness of the outcome is the only criterion for judging the value of a
classification.
THANK YOU
References:
Urbanization and Urban Systems in India
-By R.Ramachandran
Urbanization Migration & Economic Development
-By M.Koteswara Rao
Introduction to Settlement Geography
-Sumita Ghosh