 Concrete or masonry continuous vertical walls may

serve both architecturally as partitions to carry gravity

and lateral loading
 Their very high in plane stiffness and strength makes
them ideally suited for bracing tall buildings
 In a shear wall structure such walls are entirely
responsible for the lateral loads resistance of the
building
 They act as a cantilevers in the form of separate planar
walls and as non planar assemblies of connected walls
around elevator stair and service shafts
 They well suited to hotels and residential buildings
where the floor by floor repetitive planning allows the
walls to be vertically continuous
 Where they serve simultaneously as excellent acoustic
and fire insulators between rooms and apartments.
 In low to medium rise buildings shear walls are
combined with frames it is reasonable to assume that
the shear walls attract all the lateral loading
 So that may be designed for only gravity loading
 Shear wall structures have been shown to perform well in
earthquake for which case ductility becomes an
important consideration in their design

 Types
 coupled wall structure
 wall frame structures
 framed tube structures
 tube in tube structures
 bundled tube structures
 braced tube structures

 A coupled wall structures is a very common form of shear
wall structure with its own special problems of analysis and
design
 It consists of two or more shear walls in the same plane or
almost the same plane connected at the floor levels by
beams or stiff slabs
 This results in a horizontal stiffness very much greater than
if the walls acted as a set of separate uncoupled cantilevers
 Coupled walls occur often in residential construction where
lateral load resistant cross walls
 which separate the apartments consists of shear wall
between
 Which there are corridor or window openings
 When shear walls are combined with rigid frames the
walls which tend to deflect in a flexural configuration
and frames
 Which tend to deflect in a shear mode are constrained
to adopt a common deflected shape by the horizontal
rigidity of the girders and slabs
 The interacting wall frame combination is appropriate
for buildings in the 40 – 60 story range well beyond
that of rigid frames or shear walls alone
 The lateral resistance of framed tube structures is
provided by very stiff moment – resistant frames
 When lateral loading acts the perimeter,
 frames aligned in the direction of loading act as a webs
of the massive tube cantilever and those normal to the
direction of the loading act as the flanges
 The close spacing of the columns throughout the height
of the structure is usually unacceptable at the entrance
level
 The columns are merged or terminated on a transfer
beam, a few storeys above the base so that only a few
larger more widely spaced columns continue to the
base
 The tube is suitable for both steel and reinforced
concrete construction and has been used for building
range from 40 to more than 100 storeys

 The framed tube has been one of the most significant

modern developments in high rise structural form

 The tube structure is structural efficiency although high

still leaves scope for improvement because the flange
frames tend to suffer from shear lag.
 The variation of the framed tube consists of an outer
framed tube consists of an outer framed tube the hell
together with an internal elevator and service code
 The hell and core act jointly in resisting both gravity
and lateral loading
 In a steel structure the core may consist of an assembly
of shear walls
 The structural tube usually adopts a highly dominant
role because of its much greater structural depth
 This structural form is notable in its having been used
for the sears tower in Chicago
 The sears tower consists of four parallel rigid steel
frames in each orthogonal direction interconnected to
form nine bundled tubes
 The single tube structure the frames in the direction of
lateral loading serve as webs of the vertical cantilevers
,with the normal frames acting as flanges
 The internal webs greatly reduces the shear lag in the
flanges
 This arrangement was first used in steel structure in 1969 in
Chicago, and in rcc in 1985
 In a steel tube the bracing is formed by a diagonal pattern of
concrete window size panels poured integrally with the
frame
 The diagonals of the braced tube are connected to the
columns at each intersections they virtually eliminate the
effects of shear lag in both the flanges and web frames
 In this braced tube structure the bracing contributes also to
the improved performance of the tube in carrying gravity
loading