12 - finite element method -

density growth - alternative

formulation

12 - finite element method 1

 sequential solution - element based
huiskes, weinans, grootenboer, dalstra, fudala & slooff [1987],
carter, orr, fhyrie [1989], beaupré, orr & carter [1990], weinans,
huiskes & grootenboer [1992], [1994], jacobs, levenston, beaupré,
simo & carter [1995], huiskes [2000], carter & beaupré [2001]

staggered solution - integration point based

weinans, huiskes & grootenboer [1992], harrigan & hamilton [1992],,
[1994], jacobs, levenston, beaupré,simo & carter [1995]

simultaneous solution - node point based

jacobs, levenston, beaupré,simo & carter [1995], fischer, jacobs,
levenston & carter [1997], nackenhorst [1997], levenston [1997]]

finite element method 2

 node point based

• strong form / residual format

• residuals

strong form

finite element method 3

 node point based

• dirichlet / essential boundary

conditions

• neumann / natural boundary

conditions

boundary conditions

finite element method 4

 node point based

• weak form

• weak form expressions

weak form

finite element method 5

 node point based
• integration by parts Quic kTime™ and a
TIFF (Unc ompres sed) dec ompres sor
are needed to see this pic ture.

• gauss theorem & boundary conditions

• weak form

weak form

finite element method 6

 node point based
• discretization
• time discrete weak form

• interpolation of material time derivatives

euler
backward

temporal discretization

finite element method 7

 node point based
• discretization
• interpolation of test
functions

• interpolation of trial functions

spatial discretization

finite element method 8

 node point based
• discrete residual format Quic
TIFF (Uncomp
are needed

• discrete residuals

discrete residuals

finite element method 9

 node point based
• linearization / newton raphson
scheme

• incremental residual

• system of equations

linearization

finite element method 10

 node point based
• iteration matrices QuickT ime ™an d a
TIFF ( Uncomp res sed) deco mpre ssor
ar e need ed to see this pictur e.

linearization

finite element method 11

 node point based
loop over all time steps
global newton iteration
loop over all elements
loop over all quadrature points
evaulate balance of mass and momentum
determine element residuals & partial derivativ
determine global residuals and iterational matrices
determine and
determine state of biological equilibrium

simultaneous solution

finite element method 12

 integration point based
loop over all time steps
global newton iteration
loop over all elements
loop over all quadrature points
local newton iteration to determine
determine element residual & partial derivative
determine global residual and iterational matrix
determine
determine state of biological equilibrium

staggered solution

finite element method 13

integration vs node point based

discontinuous solution

finite element method 14

integration vs node point based

continuous solution

finite element method 15

integration vs node point based

continuous solution

finite element method 16

 different load cases

[1] midstance phase of gait 2317 N 24˚ 703 N 28˚

[2] extreme range of 1158 N -15˚ 351 N -8 ˚
[3] abduction
extreme range of adduction
1548 N 56˚ 468 N 35˚
Carter & Beaupré [2001]

example - adaptation in bone 17

node point based - h-refinement

example - adaptation in bone 18

node point based - p-refinement

example - adaptation in bone 19

integration point based - p-refinement

example - adaptation in bone 20