ARCH 341: Exam 1 Review

Mid-Term Exam for Arch 341 Fall 2017

Time: Thursday., Nov. 16, 9:30-10:50AM (lecture)

Location:
•Room 120 Architecture Building

Format: two part exam

•Part 1: closed book/notes - concepts
•Part 2: open book/notes - calculations

Content:
•Lecture 1-12
•HWs 1-5
 Exam details:
• The mid-term exam will be part closed book/notes (Part 1) and part
open book/notes (Part 2). The closed book/notes part will be taken
first and must be turned in to get the open book/notes part. Once
you complete and turn in Part 1, you cannot go back to it. Part 2 is
open book/notes. Open book/notes means you may use the
course textbook (MEEB) and any notes you have taken (in your
own handwriting) as well as your own homework assignments and
projects. While you may study for the exam from the work of
others, using material from anyone else during the exam is
forbidden and will be treated according to campus rules on
academic dishonesty. I say this not to scare anyone following the
rules but rather as a result of the fact that we have had cheating
occur in the past and it will not be tolerated.
Section One: Concepts
 Concept: Thermodynamics
• Definition: study of energy and the
relationships governing its change with time
• Can relate to a state or a process
• Four different laws have been developed
 First Law of Thermodynamics
• Definition: change in energy of a system
equals energy transferred to it minus “work”
done by it (conservation of energy)
• Mathematically:

DE = åQ - åW
 Heat Transfer Categories (cont.)
• Sensible Heat Transfer: exchange of energy
associated with a temperature change

Sensible Heat
Transfer

Conduction Convection Radiation

 Conduction
• Definition: flow of energy (heat) through a
material due to temperature differences
(usually a solid)
• Transmission or diffusion of energy from
neighboring molecules
• Example
– Electric stove top
 Convection
• Definition: flow of energy (heat) between a
solid and a (moving) fluid in contact with each
other
• Examples
– Window radiators
– Heated floors
 Types of Convection

Convection

Free/Natural Forced
 Radiation
• Definition: flow of energy (heat) via
electromagnetic waves (does not require a
transport medium)
• Example
– Sun rooms
– Atriums
 Concept: Psychrometrics
• Definition: study of the mixture of air and
water vapor (“moist air”)
• Water vapor in air has impact on:
– Thermal comfort and health
– Energy and HVAC calculations
Process Possibilities

humidification
evaporative heating with
cooling humidification
sensible sensible
cooling heating
cooling with chemical
dehumidification dehumidification
dehumidification
 What is Thermal Comfort?
• Lack of discomfort
• Definition: “condition of mind that expresses
satisfaction with the thermal environment”
• Brain senses signals from body including
temperature
 Quantifiable Air Related Factors
• Temperature
• Humidity
• Velocity
 Quantifiable Surface Related Factors
• Temperature
• Proximity
 Quantifiable Human Related Factors
• Clothing
• Metabolic Rate

• Other: Psychological, fitness level, age,

location, gender
 Thermal Comfort Standards

• ASHRAE Standard
55
– Range of
temperature and
humidity conditions
– Yields ~80%
comfortable
– Direct sunlight or
air movement
shifts comfort zone
 Clarifications
• Difference between °C (Celsius) and K (Kelvin)
– When dealing with a single temperature
measurement, CONVERT between °C and K
– But when dealing with a DT or a property (like k or
h), °C and K are EQUIVALENT
 Clarifications (cont.)
• What’s the deal with sensible,
latent, and total enthalpy change?
– Sensible: enthalpy change associated
with changing the temperature of
moist air
– Latent: enthalpy change associated
with changing the moisture content of
moist air
– Total: all enthalpy change (or sensible
plus latent
 Standards: LEED
• LEED: Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design
• Rating system to help promote more
efficient/sustainable design
• Broken up into various building categories
• Various levels of certification

Image from usgbc.org

 Clarifications (cont.)
• Sensible enthalpy change:
DhSEN = hC -hA
• Latent enthalpy change:
DhLAT = hB -hC
• Total enthalpy change:

DhTOT = DhSEN + DhLAT = hB -hA

 Direct Solar Radiation

Left image from

www.nrel.gov
• Often used
for solar
heating,
energy
generation
• Not as useful
for lighting
• More easily
blocked
 Diffuse Solar Radiation
Overcast sky, even light
Good for daylighting
Not effective for solar heating
 Issue:
Solar vs. Clock Time

• Clock time refers to

local time determined
by location, politically
established rules, etc.
• Solar time refers to
exact time at location
determined by position
of sun
• Sun charts are given in
SOLAR TIME
Image from MEEB Figure 6.12
 Issue: Solar/Clock Time (cont.)
• Conversion equation for time:

°West of GMT Time Zone (west of GMT)

CT = ST +
( Longitude) - ( TZ) (15° hr )
+ DST
(15° hr )
Clock time
Daylight savings
Solar time time (no=0,
yes=1)
 Fixed Shading Devices:
• Overhang
• Wing/fin
• Louver
• Eggcrate

Operable Shading Devices:

• Rotating overhangs
• Rotating fin
• Rotating louvers
 Vertical Shadow Angle (VSA)
• Also called profile angle
• Defines leading shadow edge resulting from
overhang leading edge

( )
• For vertical wall: tan VSA =
tang
cos(HSA)
 Horizontal Shadow Angle (HSA)

• Defines leading edge of

shadow resulting from
vertical shading element south
k
• HSA equals angle between
surface outward normal y
HSA
and incoming sunlight in
horizontal plane
(plan view)
 Shadow Angles
Point A 
D Shadow of
Point E
overhang E

Line D-A 
shadow g B VSA
HSA
Shadow of
A C
HSA Line D-E
wall
F

g = Altitude Angle = Angle E-A-C Recreated

HSA = Angle F-A-C = Angle A-C-B from MEEB
Figure 6.22
VSA = Angle E-B-C
 Calculating R for Multiple Layers

• Step 1: Calculate R for each layer

– See Tables E.1-E.5 or use:
Dx
R=
k
• Step 2: Sum individual values for total
N
RTOT = R1 +R2 + R3 +… = åRi
i=1
 Note on Calculating U-Value
• Do NOT sum U-values! Take the inverse of the
SUM OF ALL R- VALUES; DO NOT SUM THE
INDIVUAL U VALUES
1
UTOT = ¹ U1 +U2 +U3 +…
RTOT
• Heat Gains Inside Building
– People
– Lights
– Equipment
 DETD/DCLF Method
• DETD: design equivalent temperature
difference
• DCLF: design cooling load factor
• Correlates transient problem back to
steady state equation through charts and
tables

• These will be covered in the next section

 Window Shading
• Exterior shading:
– More effective than
interior shading
– Exposed to
environment and
affects exterior
façade
• Interior shading:
– Sheltered from
environment
– Generally easier to
control by the user
 Guidelines: Thermal Mass

• Mass area should be 3-7 times glazing area

• Masonry less effective beyond 4 inch depth
(except Trombe wall)
• Phase change materials: mass area ~1-3x
glazing area)

Image from MEEB

 Direct Gain (DG)

• South facing glass/windows

• Potential for overheating if lacking thermal mass
• Spread mass out, place so sun hits it directly or reflects onto it
• Avoid covering masses with rugs or carpet

Images from Heating, Cooling, Lighting 2nd Edition, Figure 7.6cd, p.148
 Indirect Gain:
Sunspaces (SS)

• Advantages:
– Heat for other interior spaces
– Less exterior exposure
• Gravity induced or fan assisted
air flow between spaces
• Can experience wide
temperature swings

Image from MEEB

 Trombe Wall Components
• Glass cover
• Air gap
• Thermal mass
glass cover
• Vents
air gap
vents (optional)

thermal mass

exterior interior
• Passive Cooling Systems
– Natural Ventilation
• Cross, stack
– Thermal Mass
• night ventilation
– Evaporative Techniques
• Cool towers, fan assisted evaporative cooling
– Roof and Ground Technology
• Earth tubes, roof ponds, green roofs
 Natural Ventilation
• Cross: horizontal movement of air
• Stack: vertical movement of air

Image from wiki.aia.org

Section Two: Calculations
 Design Heating Load Calculation
Heating Load Assumptions
• Outdoors:
– Constant air temperature
– No solar radiation
• Indoors:
– Constant air temperature
– No internal gains
 Design Heating Load Example
List Givens
Step 1
– Determine indoor set point temperature (Tin)
• 68oF is typical (20oC)
– Determine outside air (winter/summer design)
temperature
• Table B.1 - IP (WDD/SDD) Design Dry Bulb
• Table B.3 - SI
– HDD
 Design Heating Load Example
Step 2
• Estimate infiltration flow rate
– Find ACH - table E.27 (F.3)
• May need to interpolate

• Calculate volumetric flow rate:

– IP: V = ( ACH ) (Volume) (1h 60min)
– SI: V = ( ACH ) (Volume) (1h 3600sec)
 Design Heating Load Example
• Step 3
– Determine Areas (and perimeter)
• Exterior walls
• Roof
• Window
• Interior wall
• etc
 Design Heating Load Example
• Step 4
– Determine U for all surfaces
• Table E.1, E.2, E.4 (R-values)
• Also inside and outside film coefficients (E.3)
– Outside film based on the season

• Sometimes given
 Design Heating Load Example
• Step 5 (overall)
– Solve heating load loss

Envelope loss Infiltration loss

qsys   U i Ai Thigh  Tlow   VC p Thigh  Tlow 

N

i 1

Note: DT depends on other

(out) environment
T OUT = T DB
 Design Heating Load Example
Step 6
qsys   U i Ai Thigh  Tlow 
N

i 1

• Heat loss due to

– Exterior walls
– Roof
– Windows
– Interior wall
• Add all for Total
 Design Heating Load Example
Step 7

• Heat loss due to slab

– F2 coefficient found at table E.11 or E.12
Q slab = (F2) (perimeter) (Thigh – Tlow)
 Design Heating Load Example
Infiltration Loss

• IP
IP :
VC p Thigh  Tlow  pC p = 1.08

• SI SI :
C p = 1060

VCp Thigh  Tlow 

p = 1.2
 Design Heating Load Example
Summary
• Envelope has multiple factors

Envelope loss Infiltration loss

qsys   U i Ai Thigh  Tlow   VC p Thigh  Tlow 

N

i 1
 Sensible Cooling Load Calculation
Assumptions
• Tout – variable (table B.1)
• Tin – constant/setback
• Internal Gains – Yes (all)
• Solar Gains - Yes
 Sensible Cooling Load Example
DETD/DCLF Method
• Heat transmission Gains
– Calculate R-values (tables E.1, E.2, E.4)
– Find inside and outside film coefficients (tables E.3)

• Step 1
– Find DETD table F.5 (G.5)
N
• sum for each surface (opaque only)
åéëUA ( DETD)ùû i
• Step 2 i=1

– Find DCLF table F.6 (G.6)

• Sum for all windows M

åéë A ( DCLF )ùû j

j=1
• Step 3
– Estimate Infiltration Gains
• ACH based on construction and Tin – Tout E.27 (F.3)
– Tin is setpoint temperature and Tout is max outdoor temp (B.1
&B.3)
• Use ACH to calculate volumetric flow rate
– IP: V = ( ACH ) (Volume) (1h 60min)

– SI: V = ( ACH ) (Volume) (1h 3600sec)

• Step 4
– Estimate Internal Gains
• People E.25 and F.8 or (F.1 and G.8)
• Lights using DF and F.8B (G.8B)
• Equipment F.8A (G.8A)
Remember:

• Internal Heat gains inside building

– People
• Determine activity. sensible heat gain/person table F.8
(G.8)
• Determine # of people/occupancy table E.25 (F.1)
– Lights
• Sensible gain per unit area table F.3B (F.8B)
• Multiply gain/area from (Table F.3B) by area
– Equipment
• Sensible gain per unit area table F.3A (F.8A)
• Note errors….
Errors

should be
4.3 - 11.8
should be
1.2 - 3.4
• SI

qsys   UADETD i   ADCLF  j  VC p Thigh  Tlow   IntGains

N M

i 1 j 1

  1.2 C p  1060
• IP
qsys   UADETD i   ADCLF  j  C pV Thigh  Tlow   IntGains
N M

i 1 j 1

Step Step Step Step

1 2 3 4

Adjacent rooms at
C p  1.08
same Tin = DETD = 0
 Shadow Angles
• Step 1: Determine Altitude and Azimuth Angle from Sun Charts

• Step 2: From Azimuth and Building Angle, determine HSA.

tang
• Step 3: Using tanVSA   determine VSA.
cos( HSA)

3.18m
Sun Charts
Starting on p. 1587

Solar time

Azimuth MEEB Figure D.3

 Shadow Angles
Depth
• Step 4: From VSA and section diagram,
determine shadow depth. VSA

z
• Step 5: From HSA and plan view, determine
how far over shadow is cast.
VSA

• Final Answer: Draw an elevation diagram to

illustrate the two distances. Step 4

Steps 3, 4, & 5 require using Trig Functions.

y k
Depth
3.18 k
m
Width
 Ktot Calculations
• A quick check on overall envelope performance in residential or small
commercial buildings.

• Description starts on p. 227 11th

(𝑈𝐴𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 + 𝑈𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 )(24ℎ/𝑑𝑎𝑦)

𝐾𝑡𝑜𝑡 = Units: Btu/DDF-ft2
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑓𝑡 2 )

Where 𝑈𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ρ · 𝐶𝑝 (𝑉𝑑𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝐹𝑀)

For IP Units For SI Units

𝝆 𝑪𝒑 = 1.08 𝝆= 1.2 (kg/𝐦𝟑 )
𝑪𝒑 =1060 (j/(kg·k))
 Ktot Calculations
(𝑈𝐴𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 + 𝑈𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 )(24ℎ/𝑑𝑎𝑦)
𝐾𝑡𝑜𝑡 = Units: Btu/DDF-ft2
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 (𝑓𝑡 2 )

Where 𝑈𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ρ · 𝐶𝑝 (𝑉𝑑𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝐹𝑀)

• Compare Ktot Value with maximums (based on HDD) given in

chart on p. 230 Table 8.3 (9.1)
 Yearly Space Heating Estimates (E)
• Checks a building’s annual fuel consumption based on heating
needs.
ℎ𝑟
𝑈𝐴𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 + 𝑈𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐻𝐷𝐷 (24 )
𝑑𝑎𝑦
𝐸=
(𝐴𝐹𝑈𝐸)(𝐻𝑉𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 )

AFUE= Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency p. 262

-A measure of how efficient your furnace is
HVfuel= Heat Values for Fuel p. 259
-How much energy is in one unit(gallon, liter, cubic foot, etc.)
of fuel
 Load Collector Ratio (LCR) Method
• Step 1: Get climate info for location specified. B.1 or B.3
– You will need the HDD65 and Winter Design Dry-Bulb values.

• Step 2: Calculate the Building Load Coefficient (BLC)

– Very similar to Ktot.

BLC = (𝑈𝐴𝑛𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑒𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 + 𝑈𝐴𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑖𝑙𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 )(24ℎ/𝑑𝑎𝑦) = ___BTU/DD

– For UAenvelope, do not include Solar (south) walls. They are assumed to be neutral in passive
heating designs.

• Step 3: Check your Ktot value compared to maximum heat loss criteria in chart
on p. 230 8.3(9.1)

𝐵𝐿𝐶
𝐾𝑡𝑜𝑡 =
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑜𝑟 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
 Load Collector Ratio (LCR) Method
• Step 4: Determine Vertical Projection of Openings, Ap
– For Vertical Solar Openings, Ap= 1.0 x Actual Solar Opening Area
– For Solar Openings sloped @ 45 Ap= .707 x Actual Solar Opening Area

• Step 5: Determine LCR. 𝐵𝐿𝐶

LCR =
𝐴𝑝

• Step 6: Using description of passive heating system, determine from chart

on p. 1674 H.1

• Step 7: Using from Step 6, determine passive system type from H.1
(I.1)starting on p. 1670. Note the designation (ie. WW-B1)

• Step 8: Using designation, LCR, and location, determine the SSF from
H.3(I.3) starting on p. 1675
 Load Collector Ratio (LCR) Method
• Step 9: Determine Annual Auxiliary Heat using this Solar Savings Factor

Annual Auxiliary Heat q = 1 − 𝑆𝑆𝐹 × 𝐵𝐿𝐶 × 𝐻𝐷𝐷 = ____𝐵𝑇𝑈

• Note: The solar savings factor is a value that shows the percent of energy
saved by using a particular passive heating device vs. a similar building
without such a device.
• Interpolate between LCR values to obtain a more accurate SSF
 Passive Design Calculations
• Cross Ventilation: p. 293 ***In many places, the book uses the
constant 1.1 in place of 1.08 for in IP
• Stack Ventilation: p. 294 Units, you will need to replace this 1.1
value with the 1.08 that we use in this
class.***
• Fan-Assisted Evap Cooling: p. 301

• Cooling Towers: p. 305

• Earth Tubes: p. 311

• 11th edition pages

For IP Units For SI Units

𝝆 𝑪𝒑 = 1.08 𝝆= 1.2 (kg/𝐦𝟑 )
𝑪𝒑 =1060 (j/(kg·k))
 Cross Ventilation
see p. 293

𝑉𝑑𝑜𝑡 = 𝑣 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑠 × 𝑐𝑣

𝑉𝑑𝑜𝑡 = Volumetric Flow Rate. 𝑓𝑡 3 /𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑐𝑣 = 0.55 for perpendicular winds, 0.3 for diagonal winds
𝑣= velocity of wind in ft/min

𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎= 𝑓𝑡 2

𝑞𝑣 = 𝑉𝑑𝑜𝑡 × 1.08 × ∆𝑇
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎= 𝑓𝑡 2
Special Notes:
In book, make substitutions of constants based upon units. (ie. 1.08 for 1.1)
**The equation is different for SI Units. See book.
 Stack Ventilation
see p. 294

Special Notes:
-There are different equations for to use for IP and SI units.

-***For IP Units, 𝑇𝑖𝑛 and 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 and in Degrees Rankine***

°R = °F +459.67
- For SI Units, 𝑇𝑖𝑛 and 𝑇𝑜𝑢𝑡 are in Kelvin.
 Fan-Assisted Evaporative Cooling
see p. 301

Special Notes:
-You may use the Psychrometric chart to obtain 𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 by using 𝑇𝑑𝑏 and 𝑇𝑤𝑏 (mean
coincident wetbulb), or you can use the following equation:

𝑇𝑖𝑛𝑙𝑒𝑡 = 𝑇𝑑𝑏 − % 𝑡𝑜 𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑑𝑏 − 𝑇𝑤𝑏

-***Where 𝑇𝑤𝑏 is the Mean Coincident Wetbulb Temperature.***

-Change 1.1 value to 1.08 if using the book.

 Cooling Towers
see p. 305

Special Notes:
*** 𝑇𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑡 = 𝑇𝑑𝑏 − 0.87 𝑇𝑑𝑏 − 𝑇𝑤𝑏 *****

-Where 𝑇𝑤𝑏 is the Mean Coincident Wetbulb Temperature.

-Different Equations for SI and IP units

 Earth Tubes
see p. 311

Special Notes:
This is the correct/ easier final equation:

Q (btu/hr)= (C)(Pipe Length)(Tindoor – TSG)(Tube Circumference)

Rather than the book’s

Q (btu/hr ft of tube length) = (C)Tindoor – TSG)(Area, tube surface, 𝑓𝑡 2 /𝑓𝑡 of length)