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Miocene Epoch:
23.8 – 5.3 mya
First Hominids
Pliocene Epoch:
5.3 – 1.8 mya
First
Australopithecines
Source: Taylor, J. E. Geological Stories (London: Gibbings & Company, Limited, 1904) 254
Did we evolve from monkeys?
• It is commonly believed amongst many that humans did
not evolve from monkeys for various reasons. Some
religious and some base their belief on scientific data.
Scientific data shows that humans are more closely
related to modern apes than to monkeys; however we
didn't evolve from apes, either.
• Humans share a common ancestor with modern African
apes, like gorillas and chimpanzees. Scientists believe
this common ancestor existed 5 to 8 million years ago. At
some point after, the species diverged into two separate
lineages.
• One of these lineages ultimately evolved into gorillas and
chimps, and the other evolved into early human ancestors
called hominids, in the scientific classification family,
hominidae.
Illustrator unknown
Since the earliest hominid species diverged from the ancestor we share with modern
African apes, there have been 18 identified different species of these humanlike creatures.
Many of these hominid species are close relatives, but not human ancestors. Most went
extinct without another species emerging. Some of the extinct hominids known today, they
are almost certainly direct ancestors of Homo sapiens. While the total number of species
that existed and the relationships among them is still unknown, the picture becomes
clearer as new fossils are found.
Frequently Asked Questions About Evolution. (2001), PBS
We’re all family –
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Hominidae Class:
Order:
Mammalia
Primates
Family: Hominidae
Tribe: Hominini
Genus: Homo
Species: H. sapiens
Binomial name
Homo sapiens
Linnaeus, 1758
Subspecies
†Homo sapiens idaltu
Homo sapiens sapiens
Reprinted by permission from Dr. Douglas Theobald. (Images copyright 2000 Smithsonian Institution.)
The skulls arranged from B to M by physical form: the skulls at the beginning of the list look more
like chimpanzees, skull A, and the skulls at the end of the list look more human-like, skull N. There
is a progression of appearance from B to M. Here are the skulls listed by species and date:
(A) Pan troglodytes, chimpanzee, modern (H) Homo ergaster (early H. erectus), KNM-ER 3733, 1.75 My
(B) Australopithecus africanus, STS 5, 2.6 My (I) Homo heidelbergensis, "Rhodesia man," 300,000 - 125,000 y
(C) Australopithecus africanus, STS 71, 2.5 My (J) Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, La Ferrassie 1, 70,000 y
(D) Homo habilis, KNM-ER 1813, 1.9 My (K) Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, La Chappelle-aux-Saints, 60,000 y
(E) Homo habilis, OH24, 1.8 My (L) Homo sapiens neanderthalensis, Le Moustier, 45,000 y
(F) Homo rudolfensis, KNM-ER 1470, 1.8 My (M) Homo sapiens sapiens, Cro-Magnon I, 30,000 y
(G) Homo erectus, Dmanisi cranium D2700, (N) Homo sapiens sapiens, modern
1.75 My
In madnessinmysoul,(2011, May 8)
www.topsecret.com/forum
Bone structure comparisons
Three sets of pelvic bones (both a side view and top view) are shown, along with the approximate
size of full-term fetus they could handle. On the left is the pelvis and baby of "Lucy“ (more info about
Lucy in slide 14). In the middle is the newly discovered pelvis of 1.2 million year old Homo erectus, and
on the right is the pelvis and baby of a modern day female human being, or Homo sapiens.
Homo erectus was previously thought to produce babies with relatively small brain capacity. However
the discovery of the pictured pelvis has shown that they were actually capable of birthing babies with
a cranial circumference very close to the lower end of the range of our own species. The Homo
erectus shown could have produced a baby with a cranial circumference of 318 mm, while modern
day babies vary from 320 to 370 mm.
Detsky, Z. (2011)
Comparisons
Homo Homo
Erectus Sapien
A. Afarensis
Australopithecus anamensis (aka ramidus)
During my research, I found that A. anamensis was also known as A.
ramidus and were so close in design to A. afarensis, that it was hard to
distinguish between them. However, it is believed that Ardi cannot be a
common ancestor of Chimpanzees and humans.
AL 288-1 (Lucy)
(Australopithecus)
The first A. afarensis skeleton was discovered on November 24, 1974 near Hadar in Ethiopia by Tom Gray in the
company of Donald Johanson, as part of a team involving Maurice Taieb, Yves Coppens and Tim White in
the Middle Awash of Ethiopia's Afar Depression.
Australopithecus afarensis,Wiki
Australopithecus Afracinus
Australopithecus africanus was an early
hominid, an australopithecine, who lived
between 2–3 million years ago in the Pliocene.
In common with the older Australopithecus
afarensis, A. africanus was slenderly built, or
gracile, and was thought to have been a direct
ancestor of modern humans. Fossil remains
indicate that A. africanus was significantly more
like modern humans than A. afarensis, with a
more human-like cranium permitting a larger
brain and more humanoid facial features. A.
africanus has been found at only four sites in
southern Africa — Taung (1924), Sterkfontein
(1935), Makapansgat (1948) and Gladysvale
(1992).
Illustrator unknown
Illustrator Unknown
Homo habilis, "handy man," is so called because Illustrator Unknown
of the wealth of tools that have been found with its
fossils. The average H. habilis brain was The evolution of an arch in the foot indicates a spring
considerably larger than the ligament in the foot, which increases the efficiency of
average Australopithecus brain. The brain shape walking by storing some of the energy from the falling
is also more humanlike. The bulge of Broca's weight of the walker in each step, and then returning
area, essential for speech, is visible in one H. it up the leg on the rebound. The big toe is also
habilis brain cast, indicating that the species may aligned with the other toes, something not found in
have been capable of rudimentary speech. The earlier ancestors and other primates. Its large size is
average H. habilis individual is thought to have necessary to absorb the walker's weight as the foot
been about five feet tall and 100 pounds, rolls forward and then lifts off the ground before the
although females may have been smaller. next step. Breuil, H., (1979)
Neanderthals Cro-Magnon
35,000 to 100,000 ya 35,000 to 40,000 ya
Neanderthal (left) and sapiens (right) skeletons
Homo sapiens sapiens. In the artwork above of an Women farm workers near Ghanzi,
early modern human Homo sapiens sapiens Botswana, still go into the bush to
teaching his two sons how to make stone tools. In gossip and snack on wild plants.
the background, at far left, men are using spears to Gathering once provided 70 percent of
catch fish. Homo sapiens sapiens first appeared the Bushman diet, but ancient
around 90, 000 years ago towards the end of the scrubland has been converted to
Paleolithic era (750, 000-15, 000 years ago). Early cattle ranches. Now government relief
Homo sapiens sapiens made many specialized provides the bulk of the people's food.
tools, spears and needles. By about 10, 000 years
ago agricultural villages started to develop. This
marked the start of the Neolithic period or new National Geographic magazine, (2001)
stone age. 2011 Science Photo Library Ltd. 327-329
References
• Human Skull Evolution
lhttp://www.terradaily.com/reports/Humans_Are_Still_Evolving.html
Source: United Press International
• PBS Evolution Info
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/educators/teachstuds/unit5.html
• Transitional Humanoids
http://darwiniana.org/hominid.htm
• Kids version
http://www.kidspast.com/world-history/0001-prehistoric-humans.php
earlyhumans.mrdonn.org/evolution.html
Precambrian – Early Life Pic
http://wiki.faithlutheranlv.org/groups/mckaybiology/revisions/2c8a1/10/
Geologic Timescale Spiral Pic bul/1327/sec10.htm Last Updated: 28-Dec-2006
http://www.cr.nps.gov/history/online_books/geology/publications/bul/1327/sec10.htm
Slide 1: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/brief-history-life.html
• By Lexi Krock, Posted 02.01.02, NOVA
Slide 2: Bullet 1 & 2 Monroe, Wicander (2009, 2006)
Slide 3: Dorey, Fran, and Beth Blaxland. Hominid and hominin – what’s the difference?. Australian
Museum, 11 Nov. 2009. Web. 17 July 2011.
http://australianmuseum.net.au/Hominid-and-hominin-whats-the-difference
Slide 4: Krock, L. (2002, February 1). In A Brief History of Life. Retrieved July 17, 2011, from
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/brief-history-life.html
Tertiary Period – Pic: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/link/hist_11.html
References
Slide 5:Quaternary Period. (n.d.). In National Geographic Home, Science, Quaternary Period.
Retrieved July 18, 2011, from:
http://science.nationalgeographic.com/science/prehistoric-world/quaternary.html
Krock, L. (2002, February 1). In A Brief History of Life. Retrieved July 17, 2011, from
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/evolution/brief-history-life.html
Slide 6: Library: Frequently Asked Questions About Evolution. (2001). In Evolution, a journey into
where we're from and where we're going. Retrieved July 19, 2011, from:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/faq/cat02.html
Evolution Home; 2nd paragraph: How did humans evolve
Slide 7: Library: Frequently Asked Questions About Evolution. (2001). In Evolution, a journey into
where we're from and where we're going. Retrieved July 19, 2011, from:
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/faq/cat02.html
Slide 8: Scientific Classification chart:
Wiki, found at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human
Groves, C. (2005). Wilson, D. E., & Reeder, D. M, eds. ed. Mammal Species of the World (3rd ed.).
Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. OCLC 62265494
Monroe, J., & Wicander, R. (2009). The Changing Earth, Exploring Geology (5thth ed., pp. 664-665).
Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Foley, J. (2011, May 31). The Evidence for Human Evolution. In Fossil Hominids. Retrieved July 18,
2011, from http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/homs/
Pic: http://mrogers.wikispaces.com/Acanthostega
Slide 9: Where do you draw the line between human and ape?. (2011, May 8). In madnessinmysoul; a
member of AboveTopSecret.com. Retrieved July 19, 2011, from:
http://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread700916/pg1#pid11292063.
Pic Transitional Humanoids
http://darwiniana.org/hominid.htm
Slide 11: Detsky, Z. (2011, April 15). Discovery Questions Intelligence of Human Ancestor. In National
Science Foundation, Where Discoveries Begin. Retrieved July 18, 2011, from:
http://www.nsf.gov/news/news_images.jsp?cntn_id=112620&org=NSF
Slide 12:Douglas Theobald, 2002. 29 Evidences for Macroevolution, Part 1: The Unique Universal
Phylogenetic Tree. At http://www.talkorigins.org/faqs/comdesc/hominids.html, retrieved July 4, 2011.]
http://www.theistic-evolution.com/transitional.html info and pic
Slide 13:
Picture reference in the material:http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_human_evolution_fossils
Pic: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/link/hist_11.html (credit: Image Credit)
Pic: Source: Taylor, J. E. Geological Stories (London: Gibbings & Company, Limited, 1904) 254
Slide 13: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardi
This page was last modified on 22 July 2011 at 01:29.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may
apply. Wikipedia®
Slide 14: Afarensis http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australopithecus_afarensis
• This page was last modified on 1 July 2011 at 22:46.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms
may apply. See Terms of use for details.
Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization
• Pic: http://apunteseusebio.blogspot.com/2010_10_01_archive.html
Slide 15: Berger, L.R., and R.J. Clarke. 1995. “Eagle involvement of the Taung child fauna.” In Journal
of Human Evolution, vol. 29, pp. 275–299.
Slide 16: Halibis: Library: Frequently Asked Questions About Evolution. (2001). In Evolution, a journey
into where we're from and where we're going. Origins of Humankids, Homo Halibis Retrieved July 19,
2011, from: http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/evolution/library/faq/cat02.html
Erectus: Breuil, H., 1979: Beyond the Bounds of History, Scenes from the Old Stone Age,
Gawthorn, 1979, reprinted from the edition of 1949, London.
Photo: Giovanni Caselli in the excellent book "The Evolution of Early Man", 1976. Text by Bernard
Wood, Illustrations by Giovanni Caselli
Slide 17: Cro-Magnum - Brace, C. Loring (1996). Haeussler, Alice M.; Bailey, Shara E.. eds. "Cro-
Magnon and Qafzeh — vive la Difference" (PDF). Dental anthropology newsletter: a publication of the
Dental Anthropology Association (Tempe, AZ: Laboratory of Dental Anthropology, Department of
Anthropology, Arizona State University
Bento, . (2010, May 18). Genome sequencing suggests Neanderthal-Sapiens interbreeding. In The
Word Warrior. Retrieved July 20, 2011, from http://thewordwarrior.wordpress.com/2010/05/18/german-
genome-sequence-findings-suggest-neanderthal-sapiens-interbreeding-2/
Slide 18: 2011 Science Photo Library Ltd. 327-329 Harrow Road, London, UK, W9 3RB
Registered in England and Wales no.1550520. VAT no. GB 340 7410 88
First photo & info: http://www.sciencephoto.com/media/171144/enlarge
Bushman: —From "Bushmen: Last Stand for Southern Africa’s First People," February 2001, National
Geographic magazine
From "Bushmen: Last Stand for Southern Africa’s First People," February 2001, National
Geographic magazine