Trigonometry

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 TRIGONOMETRY JGG DECENA
Scope of Review

References:
Trigonometry 1001 Solved
Workbook by Problem in
Mary Jane Engineering
Sterling Mathematics
by Excel
Academic
Council
And some materials from the previous Review Center and Internet

Overview
Trigonometry (from Greek
trigonon "triangle" + metron
"measure")

Branches of Trigonometry
Plane Spherical

Getting Familiar with Angles

What is an Angle?
an angle is the figure formed by
two rays or line segments, called
the sides of the angle, sharing a
common endpoint, called the
vertex of the angle.

Parts of an Angle

Types of Angle
Acute angle: An angle measuring less than 90 degrees.
Right angle: An angle measuring exactly 90 degrees; the two sides are perpendicular.
Obtuse angle: An angle measuring greater than 90 degrees and less than 180 degrees
Straight angle: An angle measuring exactly 180 degrees.
Reflex Angle is an angle more than 180° but less than 360°

Angles
OX is called the initial side while OP is called the
terminal side.
Positive Angle – if the direction of rotation is
counter clockwise.
Negative Angle – if the direction of rotation is
clockwise.

Angles

Measurement of Angles
Degree (°) – is the measure of
the central angle subtended
by an arc of a circle equal to
1/360 of the circumference of
the circle.

Measurement of Angles
Minute – is (‘) 1/60 of a
degree; a second (“) is 1/60 of
a minute, or 1/3600 of a
degree.
Radian (rad) – is defined as
the measure of the central
angle subtended by an arc of
the circle equal to the radius of
the circle.
Grad – an angular unit
equivalent to 1/400 of the
circumference of the circle.

Relations between Radian, Gradient, and
Degree
360° = 2pi
180° = pi
1 degree = 60 min or 60’
1 min = 60 sec or 60”
90 deg = 100 grad
rad = 180 deg.
360° = 6400 mills

Degree to Radian

Let’s Try!
Formula:
Rad = deg x (π/180)
Deg = (rad x 180)/π

Arc Length!
On a circle of radius r, a central
angle of Ɵ radians, intercepts an
arc of length
Warning: the Ɵ
should be in radians
before multiplying

Let’s Try!
Find the length of the arc in a circle with a diameter of 8 feet, if the central angle
determining it measures 330 degrees.
Answer: To find the length of the arc in a circle with a diameter of 8 feet, if the
central angle determining it measures 330 degrees, first you need to change the
330 degrees to radians:

How About This

Area of a Sector
A sector of a circle is the region bounded by an arc of the circle and the sides of
a central angle.

Try this One!
1. Find the area of the sector of a circle with a 9-inch radius if the central angle of
the sector is 5π/6.
Answer:
Use the formula for the area of a sector,

Angular and Linear Velocity
The relationship between the linear velocity v and the angular velocity w
(Greek letter Omega) for an object with radius r is
Where w is measured in radians per unit of time, t is time, and v is distance per
unit of time.

Example!
A bicycle with 20 inch wheels is travelling down a road at 15 mi/h. Find the
angular velocity of the wheel in revolutions per minute.
mi 15 mi 5280 ft 12in 1h in
v  15  x x x  15 ,840
hr hr 1mi 1 ft 60 min min
v 15840in / min
w   1584 rad / min
r 10in

Continued…
To change w to r/min, we multiply by ½ π revolution per radian
(r/rad).
rad 1584 rad 1r 792r

w  1584  x  or 252r / min
min 1 min 2rad  min

Another One
A wheel that is drawn by a belt is making 1 revolution per second (r/s). If
the wheel is 18 cm in diameter, what is the linear velocity of the belt in cm/s?
r 1r 2rad
1  x  2rad / s
s 1s 1r
cm
v  rw  9( 2 )  18 or 57 cm / s
s

The Unit Circle

Why Unit Circle?
A circle having a center at
the origin and radius 1

Example!
Show by a figure the location on U of the terminal point of the arc having initial point at
(1,0) and having the given arc length; also state the quadrant in which the terminal point lies
1
a .)  b.)2
12
Ans: Second
Ans: First quadrant
quadrant
5
c.)  d .)  3
8
Ans: Third Ans: Third
quadrant quadrant

Polygons

Polygons
3 sides – triangle
4 sides – quadrangle
5 sides – pentagon
6 sides – hexagon
7 sides – heptagon (septagon)
8 sides – Octagon
9 sides – Nonagon
10 sides – Decagon
12 sides –Dodecagon
15 sides - Quindecagon

Formula 1. Sum of Interior Angles
S  ( n  2 )180
2. Each Interior Angle (Ɵ), regular polygon
( n  2 )180

n
3. Number of Diagonal
n( n  3 )
D
where: n = no. of sides
2

Example
What is the total sum of the interior angles of a hexagon?
Answer: 180° (6 - 2) = 720°
November 2013, Aero Board Exam

Trigonometric Functions

Trigonometric Functions of General Angle

Plane
r = 𝑥2 + 𝑦2

Angles in Standard Position
 An angle is said to be in standard position when its vertex is at the origin and its initial side
coincides with the positive x axis.
An angle is said to be a first quadrant angle or to be in the first quadrant if, when in standard
position its terminal side falls in that quadrant.
Two angles which, when placed in standard position, have coincident terminal sides are called
coterminal angles.
Coterminal angles for any given angle can be found by adding integer multiples of 360° to the
degree measure of the given angle.
The angles 0°, 90°, 180° and 270° and all the angles coterminal with them are called quadrantal
angles

Trigonometric Functions of General Angle
Or

Quadrant Signs of Functions

Trigonometric Functions of Quadrantal
Angles

Complementary and Supplementary Angles

Trigonometric Functions of an Acute Angle

SOH-CAH-TOA

Example
Find the values of the trigonometric functions of the angles of the right triangle ABC in Fig.
3-3.

Another One!

Angles of Depression and Elevation
Angle of Elevation – angle between the horizontal and the line of sight which is above
the horizontal.

Angles of Depression and Elevation
Angle of Depression – angle between the horizontal and the line of sight which is below
the horizontal.

Theorem
In Fig. 3-5, the angle of depression from point A to point B is 𝛂 and the angle of
elevation from point B to point A is 𝛃. Since both angles are measured from
horizontal lines, which are parallel, the line of sight AB is a transversal, and since
alternate interior angles for parallel lines are equal, 𝛂 = 𝛃.

Example
Gladys is at an art museum and getting a sore neck from looking up and down at
the pictures. When she stands in front of a picture that’s 6 feet high (its length is
6 feet), she can see 30 degrees above her eye level without tilting her head and
she can see 60 degrees below eye level without tilting her head. How far from
the picture must she stand to be able to see the whole thing and not move her
head?

Answer

Answer

Plane Triangles

Classifications of Triangle
2. Oblique Triangle – a triangle that

1. Right Triangle – a does not have a right angle. Acute
triangle that has a triangle and Obtuse triangles are
right angle. oblique triangles.

Isosceles Triangle
Isosceles triangle (triangle with
two sides equal and two angles
Equal) could be a right triangle or
an oblique triangle.

Properties of Triangle
1. The sum of two sides of a triangle is greater than the third side and their
difference is less than the third side.
2. The perpendicular bisectors of the sides and the bisectors of the angles of a
triangle, meet in points which are the center of the circumscribing circle the
inscribe circle, respectively.
3. The altitudes of a triangle meet in a point.

Important Points in a Triangle:
1. Circumcenter – the point of
concurrency of the
perpendicular bisectors of
the sides of a triangle.

Important Points in a Triangle:
2. Inocenter – the point of
concurrency of the angle bisector
of a triangle.
3. Orthocenter – the point of

concurrency of the altitudes of a
triangle.

Conditions for two triangles to be
congruent:
Two triangles are congruent if the elements of one triangle are equal to the
corresponding parts of the other triangle.
The following are conditions for congruency:
1. Two sides and the included angle are equal.

2. Three sides are equal.
3. One side and adjoining angles are equal.

Congruent Triangles

Conditions for two triangles to be similar:
1. Two corresponding sides are proportional; included angles are equal.
2. Three sides are proportional.
3. Two angles are equal.

Similar Triangles

Right Triangle

Basic Properties
1. a2 + b2 = c2 (Pythagorean Theorem)
2. A + B + C = 180°, A + B = 90°
3. Area = ab/2

Let’s Try

Another

Other Applications

Other Applications
 Bearing
 Vectors

Bearing
The bearing of a point B from a point A, in a
horizontal plane, is usually defined as the angle
(always acute) made by the ray drawn from A
through B with the north-south line through A.
The bearing is then read from the north or
south line toward the east or west. The angle
used in expressing a bearing is usually stated in
degrees and minutes.

Bearing
In aeronautics the bearing of B from A is more often given as the angle made by the ray AB
with the north line through A, measured clockwise from the north (i.e., from the north
around through the east).

Vectors
Any physical quantity, like force or velocity, which has both magnitude and
direction is called a vector quantity. A vector quantity may be represented by a
directed line segment (arrow) called a vector. The direction of the vector is that
of the given quantity and the length of the vector is proportional to the
magnitude of the quantity.

Example of Vector
An airplane is travelling N40⁰E at 200 mi/h. Its velocity is represented by the
vector AB in Fig. 5-3.

Parallelogram Method and Triangle
Method

Example
A navigator on a ship sailing on a course of 338° at 12 knots (nautical miles per
hour) observes a lighthouse, due north of the ship. Fifteen minutes later the
lighthouse is due east of the ship. How far is the lighthouse from the ship at that
time?

Answer N
x n.m. Because the ship is travelling at 12 knots, it covers a
distance of 3 nautical miles in 15 min.
C
B
sin 22° = x
3
3 n.m. x = 3 sin 22°
22° x = 1.1
Therefore the lighthouse is 1.1 nautical miles from

the ship at the indicated time.
A
338°

Special Right Triangles
Special Right Triangle is a right triangle with some regular feature that makes
calculations on the triangle easier, or for which simple formulas exist.
30-60-90 Triangle 45-45-90 Triangle

Functions of Special Triangles
30 ° – 60 ° Right Triangle 45 ° – 45 ° Right Triangle
60°
45°
2 √2
1 1
30° 45°
√3 1
Sin 30° = ½ Sin 45° = 1/√2

Cos 30° = √3/2 Cos 45° = 1/√2
Tan 30° = 1/√3 Tan 45° = 1
Sin 60° = √3/2
Cos 60° = ½
Tan 60° = √3/1
Analytic Trigonometry

Trigonometric Identities
Trigonometric Identities are equalities that involve trigonometric functions and
are true for every single value of the occurring variables. Geometrically, these
are identities involving certain functions of one or more angles.

The Eight Fundamental Trigonometric
Identities

Reciprocal Relations

Example

Quotient Identities

Example

Pythagorean Identities

Example

Proving Trigonometric Identities

Example

Another One

Other Relevant Trigonometric Identities

Even - Odd Identities
 Sin (-Ɵ) = -SinƟ Cot (-Ɵ) = -CotƟ
Cos (-Ɵ) = Cos Ɵ Sec (-Ɵ) = Sec Ɵ
Tan (-Ɵ) = -Tan Ɵ Csc (-Ɵ) = -Csc Ɵ

Sum and Difference Identities

Sum Identity

Let’s Try

Difference Identity

Example

Other Identities

Double Angle Identity

Half Angle Identity

Oblique Triangles

 An Oblique Triangle is one which does not contain a right angle. Such a
triangle contains either three acute angles or two acute angles and one obtuse
angle.
 one angle is more than 90° or less than 180°

Solutions to Plane Oblique Triangles:
 Law of Sines
 Law of Cosines
 Law of Tangents
 Mollweide’s Formula

Five Cases of Oblique Triangles
Case I: Given two angles and the side opposite one of them
Case II: Given two angles and the included side
Case III: Given two sides and the angle opposite one of them
Case IV: Given two sides and the included angle
Case V: Given the three sides

Law of Sines
In any triangle ABC, the ratio of a side and the sine of the opposite
angle is a constant; i.e.,
The Law of Sines is used to solve Cases 1 – 3 of Oblique Triangles

Example

Law of Cosines

Example

Ambiguous Case
When something is
ambiguous, it can have more
than one meaning. The
ambiguous case in solving
triangles occurs when there
can be more than one angle
that works in the problem. This
happens when you have the
measures of two sides and an
angle not between those two
sides.

Law of Tangents

Example

Area of a Triangle

Finding the Area of a Triangle
the Traditional Way

Example

Heron’s Formula

Example

Finding Area with an Angle Measure

Example

Other Parts of a General Triangle

Other Parts of a General Triangle:
1. Height of a General Triangle:
2 s( s  a )( s  b )( s  c )
b hc 
a
hc
c
abc
c
s
Note that hc is perpendicular to side c 2
2. Median of a General Triangle
a b
mc
c/2 c/2
1
mc  2a  2b  c
2 2 2

3. Angle Bisector of a General Triangle
a Ɵ b
Ɵ
tc
  c   2
t c  ab 1    
 a  b  
c

Trigonometric Equations

Trigonometric Form of Complex Numbers

Trigonometric Form of Complex Numbers
r  a b 2 2
a  r cos 
b  r sin
a  bi  r(cos  i sin )
Example
 Express -3 + 3i in an equivalent trigonometric form:
r  ( 3 )  ( 3 )  3 2
2 2
3 1 1 3
cos   sin  
3 2 2 3 2 2
  135
 3  3i  3 2 (cos 135  i sin 135 )
Graph Trigonometric Functions

Graph of Sine and Cosine

Graph of Tangent and Cotangent

Graph of Cosecant and Secant

Spherical Trigonometry

Spherical Trigonometry
is the part of trigonometry which deals with triangles on the sphere. This is of
great importance for calculations in astronomy and navigation.

Area of Spherical Triangle
R E
where: R = radius of the sphere 2
E = spherical excess in degrees
A
180
E = A + B + C - 180°
= 3.1416...

Example
 The area of spherical triangle ABC whose parts are A = 93°40’, B = 64°12’ , C = 116°51 and
the radius of the sphere is 100 m is,
R E 2
 ( 100 ) ( 94.717 )
2
A A
180 180
E  A  B  C  180 A  16 ,531.235 sq.m
E  93.667  64.2  116.85  180
E  94.717

Trigonometry

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AERO BOARD PREP 2014 TRIGONOMETRY JGG DECENA

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rad 1584 rad 1r 792r

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Answer: 180° (6 - 2) = 720°

November 2013, Aero Board Exam

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 TRIGONOMETRY JGG DECENA

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 TRIGONOMETRY JGG DECENA

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2. Oblique Triangle – a triangle that

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 TRIGONOMETRY JGG DECENA

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3. The altitudes of a triangle meet in a point.

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 TRIGONOMETRY JGG DECENA

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3. Orthocenter – the point of

AERO BOARD PREP 2014 TRIGONOMETRY JGG DECENA

The following are conditions for congruency:

1. Two sides and the included angle are equal.