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M sys dV
sys
5.1 .1 Derivation of the continuity Equation
For a system and a fixed, nondeforming control volume
that are coincident at an instant of time, the Reynolds
transport theorem allows us to state that
D
Dt sys
dV dV V .ndA
t CV CS
ˆ
D
Dt sys
dV
t CV
dV CS V . ˆ
ndA
time rate of
change of the
net rate of
time rate of change
mass of the flow of mass
of the mass of the
contents of the through the
coincident system
coincident control control surface
volume
5.1 .1 Derivation of the continuity Equation
When a flow is steady, all field properties including
density remains with time. That is,
t CV
dV 0
V .ndA
CS
ˆ
t CV
dV
CS
V . ˆ
ndA 0
ˆ dA
m m V .n kg/sec
CS CS
8
Mass Flow Rate
In many practical applications, the density is
essentially uniform over the pipe cross section.
Velocity, however, is never uniform over a cross
section of a pipe. We define the average velocity as
V .ndA
ˆ
V A
A
If the velocity is considered
uniformly distributed over the
section area, A, then
V .ndA
ˆ
V A
V
A 9
Conservation of Mass-Steady, Incompressible Flow
Seawater flows steadily through a simple conical-shaped
nozzle at the end of a fire hose. If the nozzle exit velocity
must be at least 20 m/s, determine the minimum pumping
capacity required in m3/s.
Conservation of Mass-Steady, Compressible Flow
Air flows steadily between two sections in a long, straight
proportion of 1.2 cm inside diameter pipe. The uniformly
distributed temperature and pressure at each section are
given. If the average air velocity (non-uniform velocity
distribution) at section (2) is 300 m/s, calculate the
average air velocity at section (1).
P2= 1.3 E05 Pa
T1 = 300 K
Transport Phenomena
1.2 -cm
I
Conservation of Mass – Nonuniform Velocity Profile
Incompressible, laminar water flow develops in a straight pipe
having radius R. At section (1), the velocity profile is uniform; the
velocity is equal to a constant value U and is parallel to the pipe axis
everywhere. At section (2), the velocity profile is axisymmetric and
parabolic, with zero velocity at the pipe wall and maximum value of
umax at the centerline. How are U and umax related? How are the
average velocity at section (2) and umax related?
Transport Phenomena - I
Conservation of Mass - Unsteady Flow
A bathtub is being filled with water from a faucet. The rate
of flow from the faucet is steady at 5.7 10-4 m3/s. The
tub volume is approximated by a rectangular space.
Estimate the time rate of change of the depth of water in
the tub at any instant.
0.45 m
1.5 m
Transport Phenomena - I
5.1 .3 Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume
V W VCV
5.1 .3 Moving, Nondeforming Control Volume
t CV
dV W .ndA
CS
ˆ 0
Conservation of Mass – Compressible Flow with a C.V
An airplane moves forward at a speed of 971 km/hr. The frontal
intake area of the jet engine is 0.80 m2 and entering air density is
0.736 kg/m3. A stationary observer determines that relative to the
earth, the jet engine exhaust gases move away from the engine with
a speed of 1050 km/hr. The engine exhaust area is 0.558 m2, and the
exhaust gas density is 0.515 kg/m3. Estimate the mass flowrate of
the fuel into the engine in kg/hr.
Transport Phenomena - I
Conservation of Mass – Relative Velocity
Water enters a rotating lawn sprinkler through its base at the steady
rate of 1000 ml/s as sketched in figure. If the exit area of each of the
two nozzles is 30 mm2, determine the average speed of the water
leaving each nozzle, relative to the nozzle, if (a) the rotary sprinkler
head is stationary, (b) the sprinkler head rotates at 600 rpm, and (c)
the sprinkler head accelerates from 0 to 600 rpm.
Transport Phenomena - I
5.1 .4 Deforming Control Volume
A deforming control volume involves changing volume
size and control surface movement. Thus, the Reynolds
transport theorem for a moving C.V can be used
DM sys
Dt
t CV
dV W .ndA
CS
ˆ 0
V W Vcs
Where Vcs is the velocity of the control surface seen by
a fixed observer.
Conservation of Mass – Deforming Control Volume
A syringe is used to inoculate a cow. The plunger has a
face area of 500 mm2. If the liquid in the syringe is to be
injected steadily at a rate of 300 cm3/min, at what speed
should the plunger be advanced? The leakage rate past
the plunger is 0.10 times the volume flowrate out of the
needle.
Conservation of Mass – Deforming Control Volume
A bathtub is being filled with water from a faucet. The rate
of flow from the faucet is steady at 5.7 10-4 m3/s. The
tub volume is approximated by a rectangular space.
Estimate the time rate of change of the depth of water in
the tub at any instant.
0.45 m
1.5 m
Transport Phenomena - I
5.2 Newton’s Second Law – The Linear Momentum
5.2 .1 Derivation of the Linear Momentum Equation
Newton’s second law of motion for a system is
time rate of change of the Sum of external forces
linear momentum of the system acting on the system
DP D
Dt sys Dt sys
V dV FSys FS FB
D
Dt sys
V dV
t CV
V dV V V .ndA
CS
ˆ
t CV
v dV v V .ndA
CS
ˆ FBy Fsy
t CV
w dV wV .ndA
CS
ˆ FBz Fsz
Linear Momentum – Change in Flow Direction
A horizontal jet of
water exits a nozzle
5.6 10-3 m2
with a uniform speed
of V1=3 m/s, strikes a
vane, and is turned
through an angle .
Determine an
anchoring force
needed to hold the
vane stationary.
Neglect gravity and
viscous effects.
Linear Momentum – Weight, Pressure, and Change in
Speed
Determine the anchoring
force required to hold in
place a conical nozzle
attached to the end of a
laboratory sink faucet
when the water flow rate is
0.6 L/s. The nozzle mass
is 0.1 kg. the pressure at
section 1 is 464 kpa.
Linear Momentum – Pressure and Change in Flow Direction
Water flows through a horizontal, 1800 pipe bend. The flow
cross sectional area is constant at a value of 0.009 m2
through the bend. The magnitude of the flow velocity
everywhere in the bend is axial and 15 m/s. The absolute
pressures at the entrance and exit of the bend are 207 kPa
and 165 kPa, respectively. Calculate the horizontal (x and y)
components of the anchoring force required to hold the bend
in place.
A = 0.009 m2
V = 15 m/s
V=
15
m/s
V = 15 m/s
Transport Phenomena - I
Linear Momentum – Pressure and Change in Speed, and Friction
Air flows steadily between two cross sections in a long,
straight portion of 0.1 m inside diameter pipe, when the
uniformly distributed temperature and pressure at each cross
section are given. If the average air velocity at section (2) is
305 m/s and at section (1) must be 67 m/s. Assuming uniform
velocity distributions at section (1) and (2), determine the
frictional force exerted by the pipe all on the air flow.
V2 = 305
m/s
Transport Phenomena - I
Linear Momentum – Nonuniform Pressure
A sluice gate across a channel of width b is shown in the
closed and open positions. Is the anchoring for required to
hold the gate in place larger when the gate is closed or when
it is open?
Transport Phenomena - I
Non-deforming Moving Inertial Control Volume
Consider a control volume moving at constant speed. We
can set up two coordinates systems: XYZ, absolute or
stationary (inertial), coordinates, and the xyz coordinates
attached to the C.V (also inertial because the C.V. is not
accelerating with respect to XYZ)
Z
Control Volume Moving with Constant Velocity
For a system and an inertial, moving, nondeforming
control volume that are both coincident at an instant of
time, the Reynolds transport theorem leads us to
D
Dt sys
Vxyz dV
t CV
Vxyz dV Vxyz V .ndA
CS
ˆ
t CV
Vxyz dV Vxyz V .ndA
CS
ˆ FC.V FS FB
5.6 10-4 m2
Determine the magnitude
and direction of the force,
F, exerted by the stream of
water on the vane surface.
0.3 m
Transport Phenomena - I
Linear Momentum – Moving Control Volume
The water leaves the stationary 50 mm diameter nozzle
with a speed of 20 m/s and enters the vane tangent to the
surface at A. The inside surface of the vane at B makes
angle = 150o with the x direction. Compute the force
that must be applied to maintain the vane speed constant
y
at U = 5 m/s.
x
(2)
Y
(1) Rx
Ry
Moving Inertial Control Volume
(1)
Rx
(2)
Moving Inertial Control Volume
DM sys
Dt
t CV
b dV b V .ndA
CS
ˆ
DPXYZ D DVXYZ
F
Dt sys Dt M ( sys )
VXYZ dV
M ( sys )
Dt
dV
DVxyz
M ( sys )
arf dV
M ( sys )
Dt
dV
D
F arf dV Vxyz dV
M ( sys )
Dt M ( sys )
DPxyz
F arf dV
M ( sys )
Dt
sys
Non-deforming Moving Noninertial Control Volume
For a system and an noninertial, moving, nondeforming
control volume that are both coincident at an instant of
time, the Reynolds transport theorem leads us to
D
Dt sys
Vxyz dV
t CV
Vxyz dV Vxyz V .ndA
CS
ˆ
F
M ( sys )
arf dV F
V ( CV )
arf dV
Non-deforming Moving Noninertial Control Volume
FS FB arf dV Vxyz dV Vxyz V .ndA
ˆ
V ( CV )
t CV CS
D
Dt
V V Fparticle (1)
r
D
Dt
V V r Fparticle (2)
D
Dt
r V V r F
Sys
(5)
System
Where r F particle
r F
Sys
(6)
We note that
D
Dt System
r V V
D
Dt
r V V (7)
System
r F Sys
r F CV
(9)
D
Dt sys
r V dV
t CV
r V dV r V V .ndA
ˆ
CS
(10)
time rate of change time rate of change
of the moment-of- net rate of flow of
of the moment-of-
moment-of-momentum
momentum of the momentum of the
system contents of the C.V
through the C.S
t CV
ˆ rF
r V dV r V V .ndA Contents
of the control
CS volume
(11)
0.3 m
0.25 m
0.025 m
Q = 0.11 m3/s
D
Dt sys
e dV Q Q
in out sys Win Wout
sys
D
Dt sys
e dV Qnet in Wnet in sys
D
Dt sys
e dV
t CV
e dV eV .ndA
CS
ˆ
p
Simple, fully developed pipe flow
p V2
CV e dV CS u 2 gz V .ndA
ˆ Qnet in Wshaft
net in
5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation
In energy equation, the term e dV
t CV
represents the time rate of change of the total stored
energy, e, of the contents of the control volume. This
term is zero when the flow is steady. This term also zero
in the mean when the flow is steady in the mean
(cyclical).
p V 2
In E.E, the integrand of u gz V .ndA
ˆ
CS
2
can be nonzero only where fluid crosses the control
volume. Otherwise, V .nˆ is zero and the integrand is
zero for that portion of the control surface.
5.3.2 Application of the Energy Equation
If the properties within parentheses are all assumed to be
uniformly distributed over the flow cross-sectional areas
involved, the integration becomes simple and gives
p V2 p V2 p V2
CS 2
u gz V . ˆ
ndA u
2
gz m u
2
gz m
flow flow
out in
p p Vout 2 Vin 2
m uout uin g zout zin Qnet Wshaft
out in 2 in net in
Vout 2 Vin 2
pout zout pin zin wShaft loss
2 2 net in
V 2
p z
2
Total pressure, if we neglect then it is stagnation pressure
5.3.3 Application of the modified Energy Equation
If the mechanical energy equation is divided by
acceleration of gravity, g, we get
Where
wShaft net in WShaft net in
hs shaft work head
g Q
loss Wloss
hL loss head
g Q
An axial-flow ventilating fan driven by a motor that
delivers 0.4 kW of power to the fan blades produces a 0.6
m diameter axial stream of air having a speed of 12 m/s.
The flow upstream of the fan involves negligible speed.
Determine how much of the work to the air actually
produces useful effects, that is, fluid motion and a rise in
available energy. Estimate the fluid mechanical efficiency
of this fan.
The pump shown in figure adds 7.5 kW to the water as it
pumps water from the lower lake to the upper lake. The
elevation difference between the lake surfaces is 9 m and
the head loss is 4.5 m. Determine (a) the flowrate and (b)
the power loss associated with this flow.
5.3.4 Application of the E.E to Nonuniform Flows
If the velocity profile at any section where flow crosses
the control surface is not uniform, inspection of the
energy equation for a control volume suggests that the
following integral requires special attention.
V2
CS 2 V .ndA
ˆ
V2
outVout inVin2
2
CS 2 V .ndA
ˆ m
2
2
5.3.4 Application of the E.E to Nonuniform Flows
V2
m V 2
CS 2 V .ndA
ˆ
2
for flow through surface area A of the control surface.
Thus
2
V
CS 2 V .ndA
ˆ
mV 2
2
5.3.4 Application of the E.E to Nonuniform Flows
It can be shown that for any velocity profile, α >= 1, with
α = 1 for only for uniform flow. Some typical velocity
profile examples for flow in a conventional pipe are
shown in the sketch below.
5.3.4 Application of the E.E to Nonuniform Flows
Therefore, for nonuniform velocity profiles, the energy
equation on an energy per unit mass basis for the
incompressible flow
pout outVout 2 pin inVin 2
gzout gzin wShaft loss
2 2 net in
2g 2g g