Engineering - Drawing NAV 2

Engineering Drawing
Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University
1
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Engineering_drawings_with_Machinery%27s_Handbook.jpg
01 Overview
2
Course aims
3
Learning objectives
After finished the course, students will be able to
o Perform a spatial visualization and manipulation.

o Apply a drawing standard.
o Construct a geometrical shape by freehand sketch, drawing tools,
and CAD software.
o Create a detailed drawing.
o Create an assembly drawing.
o Interpret a drawing.
4
Detailed drawing
5
Assembly drawing
6
Way to create engineering drawing
1. Freehand sketch
2. Use drawing instruments
3. Use computer-aided-drafting (CAD) software
7
Interrelationship
8
Self-preparation
1. Register to a course website (i.e. Courseville).
2. Download a PowerPoint slide and workbook
3. Print the workbook with a laser printer.
4. Buy the following drawing instrument.
1. Pencil : HB, 4H, 6H (Do not use 2B in any cases)
2. Sharpener
3. Triangle set
4. Pencil eraser
5. Compass
6. Circle template
9
02 Graphic language
10
Necessity
o Word language is ineffective for describing the shape and features
of an object.
o Graphic language can transfer a multi-dimensional information.

o Examples are graph, flowchart, schematic diagram, engineering (or
technical) drawing, etc.
11
Graph
12
Flowchart
Identification
of need
Definition of
problem
Synthesis
Analysis and
optimization
Evaluation
Presentation
13
Schematic diagram 1/2
o A representation of a system using abstract, graphic symbol rather
than realistic pictures.
14
Schematic diagram 2/2
o A representation of a system using abstract, graphic symbol rather
than realistic pictures.
[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schematic
15 [2] http://www.equipmentsexporters.com/images/product/1498367772FreeandForcedConvection.jpg
[3] http://discoverarmfield.com/data/ht10xc/images/ht19-schematic.jpg
Engineering drawing
o Use graphic language for describe geometry.
o Use word language for describe size and location.
16
03 Application of a graphical
language
17
Engineering books
A pair of 80-N forces is applied to the handles

of the small eyelet squeezer. The block at A
slides with negligible friction in a slot machined
in the lower part of the tool. Neglect the small
force of the light return spring AE and
determine the compressive force P applied to
the eyelet.
Calculate the support reactions at A and B

for the beam subjected to the two linearly
varying load distributions.
18 J.L. Meriam, and L.G. Kraige Engineering mechanics: Statics, 7th eds., Wiley, 2012.
Technical article/report
The pneumatic cylinder used in
the tests is shown schematically.
The rod (1) is connected to the
piston (2). The piston seals (3)
prevent compressed air leakage
between the chambers. The
cylinder bore (4) is secured
between the cylinder front (5)
and rear head (6)…
19 A. Manuello Bertetto, L. Mazza, and P.F. Orru Contact Pressure Distribution in Guide Bearings for Pneumatic
Actuators”. Experimental Techniques, 2013, p. 2.
Product catalog
Swing Check Valve
20 http://www.kcbkk.com/upload/images/product/170/170/170.pdf
Product installation manual
21 http://www.precisiondoors.com/aseries.htm
Patent
22 Shoe testing apparatus and method of use, Patent No.: US 6,289,743 B1

04 Drawing standards
23
Definition
o A set of rules and styles for guiding us to present a technical
information
that is understandable in the engineering community.
o Minor details in standards are vary from country to country.
o Example
Thailand (มอก / TIS, Thailand Industrial

Standard)
Japan (JIS, Japan Industrial Standard)
USA (ANSI, American National Standard Institute)
UK (BS, British Standard)
Germany (DIN, Deutsches Institut für
Normung)
International (ISO, International Standards Organization)
24
TIS drawing standard
Code Title
มอก. 210 2520 ่

วิธเี ขียนแบบทัวไป ่
: ทางเครืองกล
มอก. 440 ล.1 2541 ่
การเขียนแบบก่อสร ้างเล่ม 1 ทัวไป
มอก. 446 ล.4 2532 ข้อแนะนาสาหร ับการเขียน
แผนภาพวงจรไฟฟ้า
มอก. 1473 2540 การเขียนแบบเทคนิ ค การ
ติดตง้ั
สัญลักษณ์สาหร ับระบบท่อ
ของเหลว
...
ระบบทาความร ้อน การระบาย

อากาศ
และระบบท่ออากาศ
25 http://library.tisi.go.th/data/lib_resources/pdf/catalog-online49/tis/02_ICS.pdf
JIS drawing standard
Code Title
JIS Z 8310:2010 General code of drafting practices
JIS Z 8311:1998 Sizes and layout of drawing sheets
JIS Z 8312:1999 Basic convention for lines
JIS Z 8313:1998 (10 parts) Lettering, Part 0 : General requirement
JIS Z 8314:1998 Scales
JIS Z 8315:1999 (4 parts) Projection methods
JIS Z 8316:1999 General principles of presentation
JIS Z 8317-1:2008 Indications of dimensions and tolerances :
Part 1
General principle
JIS Z 8318:2013 Tolerancing of linear and angular dimension
JIS B 0001:2010 Technical drawings for mechanical engineering
JIS B 0002:1998 Screw threads and threaded parts
…..
“Z” designation means “miscellaneous division” .
“B” designation means “mechanical engineering division”
26 http://www.jsa.or.jp/default_english/default_english.html
Drawing sheet
o Trimmed paper of a size A0 ~ A4.
o Orientation
1. Type X 2. Type Y
(A0~A4) (only A4)
Drawing space Drawing

space
o Basic items on the sheet

1. Border
2. Center marks
3. Title block : Always placed at the bottom right.
27
Scale 1/2
o A ratio between the linear dimension in the represented view and
the corresponding linear dimension of the object.
o Designation is
A:B
linear dimension of an object
linear dimension in drawing
1:X (X > 1) for a reduction scales

1:1 for full scale
X:1 (X > 1) for an enlargement scales
o Recommended scale
Reduction scales 1:2 (1:3) (1:4) 1:5 (1:6) 1:10 1:20 1:50
Enlargement scales 50:1 20:1 10:1 (6:1) 5:1 (4:1) (3:1), 2:1
28
Scale 2/2
o Designation of scale is usually inscribed in the title block.
o In the case that a represented view is not shown in a correct

proportion, a note “Not to scale” is written instead.
29 http://www.flight-mechanic.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/2-8.gif
05 Freehand sketch
30
Tools & Preparation
1. Pencil
o Sharpen the lead.
o Use different lead grades pencils for each required line weight.
- HB for object line and hidden line
- 4H for center line
- 6H for construction line
2. Paper
o With or without a grid (rectangular or isometric.)
3. Pencil eraser
o Make sure it is clean.
31
Quality
o Appropriate line weight.

- able to differentiate between object line and construction line.
o A single stroke line (or curve)
o Maintain proportion of the object.
32
Holding a Pencil
33
Horizontal and vertical lines
1. Hold the pencil naturally.
2. Draw the line firmly with a free and easy wrist motion.
3. In case of a long line, break down to a series of connected short lines.
Horizontal lines : sketch from left to right. Vertical lines : sketch from top to bottom.
Note To draw a long lines with arm motion, mark the start and end points then keep eye
on the end point while sketching.
34
Inclined lines
35
Small circle
1. Sketch 2 intersecting lines
pass through a center of the
circle.
2. Lightly sketch a square.
3. Sketch a diagonal and mark
an estimated radius.
4. Finish a circle through the
points.
36
Large circle
1. Place one pencil’s tip at the center as a pivot, and set another
pencil’s tip at the radius-distance from the center.
2. Hold the hand in this position and rotate the paper.
37
Practice
Workbook : SKH 01 - 08
38
06 Projection
39
Meaning
o A method for transferring information of a 3-D object to a 2-D media.
Acrylic plate
Object (3-D space) View (2-D media)
o A projection (or view) depends on a relative orientation between an

object and a projection plane.
40
Basic element
o Line of sight (LOS) is an imaginary ray of light between an
observer’s eye and an object.
o Projection plane is an imaginary flat plane upon which the image
created by the LOS is projected.
LOS
Object
Projection plane
(transparent)
Observer
41
Parts of an object
Edge
Vertex
(or corner) View from
A-direction
Face
(or plane)
A-direction
Vertex  Point
Edge  Line
Face  Closed area
Surface  Closed area
42
07 Line types
43
Line types 1/4
Name Weight Appearance Name according to
according to (or thickness) application
style
Thick o Visible (or object) line
o Extension line
1. Continuous o Dimension line
Thin o Leader line
o Section line
o Break line
2. Dashed Thin o Hidden line
o Center line
3. Chain Thin
o Cutting-plane line
4. Chain double
Thin o Phantom line
dashed
44
Line types 2/4
1. Visible line (or object line)
For indicate the form of a visible part
of an object.
2. Hidden line
For indicate the from of an invisible
part
of an object.
3. Center line
For indicate the center and axis of short break line
a cylindrical object.
4. Break line Long

break line
For express the boundary of a part
broken off for clarity.
45
Line types 3/4
5. Extension line
For lead out from the view to inscribe
dimensions.
6. Dimension line
For inscribe dimensions.
7. Leader line
For lead out from the view to indicate
a description.
8. Cutting-plane line
For express the cutting position to show a
cross-section.
9. Section line (or hatching)

Use to show the area of a part that has
been
cut away
46 in a section view.
Line types 4/4
10. Phantom line (or imaginary line)

For indicate moving portion at special
position
in motion or its limit position of moving.
47
Practice
Workbook : ALN 01 - 03
48
08 Multiview
orthographic projection
49
Orthographic projection
o All projection lines are parallel to each other and perpendicular to
the projection plane.
o Size of the view is independence of a distance between projection
plane and object
50
Multiview
o A set of related orthographic views that come from viewing the
object from a different direction.
3
Height
1 Width Depth 2
View 1 View 2 View 3

Height
Depth
Width Depth
51
Why necessary?
o A single view can not completely convey major dimensions of an
object.
o A single view can not represent a unique shape of an object.
can be
etc.
52
Views Arrangement
o Views must be arrange according to a standard practice.
o A glass box analogy can provide a specific location of each view.
1. Cover the object with a glass box

2. Open the box
and view.
Top view
Front view Right side view

53
Six principal views
Rear Left side

view view
Bottom
view
54
Dimensional relationship
Height
Width Depth
55
Transfer a depth dimension
Miter line
45o 45o
56
Projection of a curve surface
o Surface limit (or limiting element) is the boundary of the projection
of an object.
o The curve surface that tangent to another plane or curve will not
produce a line in orthographic projection view.
o The curved surface that intersect with another plane or curve will
appear as a line in multiview drawing.
57
Examples 1/4
1 2
58
Examples 2/4
3 4
59
Examples 3/4
5 6
60
Examples 3/4
5 6
61
Examples 4/4
7 8
62
Examples 4/4
7 8
63
Alternate position of size view
o A practice for efficiently using a drawing space.
o Good for an object with its height is relatively small its depth.
o The side view is placed nearby a top view instead of a front view.
T
T
RS 
F
F RS
Alternate
position

RS
Typical position B
64
Precedence of line
o When the line of different types coincides with each other, the
more important lines cover up the other lines.
o Order of importance (highest to lowest)
visible line > hidden line > center line > construction line.
Visible line covers Visible line covers Hidden line covers

hidden line center line center line
65
Practice
Workbook : PLN 01
SPV 01 - 20
66
09 Detailed drawing
writing steps
67
Steps
1. Select a necessary view.
2. Layout the selected views on a sheet and choose an appropriate
scale.
3. Complete each selected views.
4. Complete the dimensions and notes.
Top
Front Right
68
Example
30
50
30
15
60
60
60
15 30
Front view
69
Example :
Draw a front view
30
50
30
15
60
60
60
15 30
Front view
70
Example :
Draw a top view
30
50
30
15
60
60
60
15 30
Front view
71
Example :
Draw a right side view
30
50
30
15
60
60
60
15 30
Front view
72
Example :
Dimensioning
30
50
30
15
60
60
60
15 30
73
10 Recommended line practice
74
Hidden Line 1/2
o Join a visible line, except it forms a continuation with a visible line.
join
join space space
space space
75
Hidden Line 2/2
o Intersection between hidden lines should represent an intersection
point.
76
Center line recommended practice 1/2
o Start and end with long dash.
o A short dash should cross at the center of circle or arc.
o Do not extend the line across views.
Leave space Leave space
77
Center line recommended practice 2/2
o For a small hole, a center line is drawn as a thin continuous line.
o Leave a gap when centerline forms a continuation with a visible line.
Leave space Leave space Leave space
78
Practice
Workbook : HLP 01-04

CLP 01-06
79
11 View selection
80
Notes
o Six principal views are always unnecessary.
o Three (properly selected) principal views can describes most
shapes.
o For practical purpose, representation of views more than necessary
should be avoided.
o In many cases, clarity of the views should be improved by adding a
special views such as section view, auxiliary view etc.
81
View selection steps
1. Appropriately orient the object relative to a glass box.
2. Select the front view.
Necessary view
3. Select adjacent views.
82
1. Select orientation
o Object should be in their natural position.

o The projected views should represent as much as possible a true
size and shape of an object.
Good Poor
83
2. Select front view 1/2
o The longest dimension of an object should be presented as a width
in the front view.
o The selected front view should bring about the adjacent views that
are shown in a natural position.
Good
84
2. Select front view 2/2
o Minimize the number of avoidable hidden lines.
Good
85
3. Select adjacent view(s) 1/3
o Minimize the number of avoidable hidden lines.
86
o Use minimum number of views to represent the major features
of the object.
87
o The selected views should provide enough space for dimensions
and notes.
Change
adjacent view
Change
orientation of
the selected view
88
Object that required 1 View 1/2
o Flat (thin) part having a uniform thickness such as a gasket, sheet
metal etc.
1 Thick
Note : Adjacent views are omitted because they provide only thickness of a part.
89
Object that required 1 View 2/2
o Cylindrical-shaped part.
Note : Adjacent views are omitted because they repeat an information.

90
Object that required 2 Views 1/2
o Identical adjacent view exists.
91
Object that required 2 Views 2/2
o The 3rd view does not present significant contours of the object.
92
Examples 1/2
1 3
93
Examples 2/2
4 5
94
Practice
Workbook : NCV 01 - 26
95
12 Projection Systems
96
Type
o First-angle system : ISO and European standards
o Third-angle system : Japan, Thailand, USA, Canada etc.
First quadrant
(Opaque planes)
Third quadrant
(Transparent planes)
97
Views 1/3
1st angle system (Opaque planes) 3rd angle system
(transparent planes/glass box)
98
Views 2/3
1st angle system 3rd angle system
99
Views 3/3
1st angle 3rd angle
Right side Front Top
Top
Front Right side
100
Projection symbol
1st angle 3rd angle
101
Practice
Workbook : PRS 01 - 02
102
13 Primary Auxiliary View
103
Necessity
o A principal view can not represent a true size of an inclined plane.
True shape does not present

In these principal views.
104
Types
1. Front auxiliary (adjacent to front view)

2. Top auxiliary (adjacent to top view)
3. Side auxiliary (adjacent to side view)
105
Front auxiliary
o Use when an inclined plane appears as a line in the front view.
Auxiliary Auxiliary
plane Top view
Front
Aux.
Front
Edge view of
an auxiliary plane
106
Top auxiliary
o Use when an inclined plane appears as a line in the top view.
Edge view of
an auxiliary plane
Top
Aux.
Top
Front
Auxiliary
view
Auxiliary
plane
107
Side auxiliary
o Use when an inclined plane appears as a line in the side view.
Edge view of
Auxiliary Auxiliary an auxiliary plane
plane view
Aux.
Side
Front Side
108
Partial View
o A view that presents only part of the object that is needed to clarify
and some nearby.
o Partial view can save drafting effort and improve clarity.
Partial Partial (or

1 auxiliary view 2 local)
Completed auxiliary view
auxiliary view Completed
auxiliary view
109
Example 1
Hidden lines representation
of the holes are removed
for clarity.
110
Example 1
D B
C A
Top
Front
Aux.
Front
Prefer
distance
111
Example 2
112
Example 2
Aux.
Side
C
B
Prefer
A
distance
Side Front
A
B
C
113
Practice
Workbook : AUX 01 - 04
114
14 Using drawing tools
115
Using a compass
1. Locate a center of the circle by drawing two intersecting lines.
2. Adjust the compass to be a radius of the circle.
3. Set the needle point at the circle’s center.
4. Start circle by applying enough pressure to the needle, holding the
compass handle between thumb and index fingers.
5. Complete circle by revolving the handle clockwise.
116
Using a circle template
1. Draw two perpendicular construction lines that pass through center
of a circle to be drawn.
2. Align all markings on template with the construction lines.
3. Tracing a circle.
117
Draw a line through a given point
Steps
Given
1. Place the pencil tip at one of the
given points.
A 2. Place the triangle against the
pencil tip.
B 3. Swing the triangle around the

pencil tip until its edge aligns with
the second point.
4. Draw a line.
Play
118
Draw a horizontal line 1/3
1. Press the T-square head against the left edge of the
table.
2. Smooth the blade to the right.
119
3. Lean the pencil at an angle about 60o with the paper in the
direction
of the line
4. Rotate the and slightly
pencil slowly“toed in”.
while moving the pencil from left to right.
120
5. Move T-square up or down to draw another horizontal line.
121
Draw a vertical line 1/2
1. Set T-square as before.
2. Place any triangle on T-square edge.
3. Use your left hand to hold both T-square and triangle in position.
122
Draw a vertical line 2/2
3. Lean the pencil to the triangle.
4. Draw the line upward while rotating the pencil slowly.
123
Draw a line at 30o with horizontal
1. Place 30o-60o triangle on the T-square edge and press them firmly
against the paper.
2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.
124
1. Place 30o-60o triangle on the T-square edge and press them firmly
against the paper.
2. Draw the line in the direction as shown below.
125
1. Place 45o triangle on the T-square edge and press them firmly
against
2. the
Drawpaper.
the line in the direction as shown below.
126
1 2
-30o + 45o = 15o CCW 60o + (-45o) = 15o CCW
127
1 2
30o + 45o = 75o CCW 45o + 30o = 75o CCW
128
1 2
60o + 45o = 105o CCW 45o + 60o = 105o CCW
129
15 Applied geometry
130
Contents
Bisecting
Perpendicular Inclined line

Parallel line
line
Tangent line Tangent arc
131
Bisect a line
Steps
Given
1. Swing two arcs having a radius
A greater than half-length of the
line with the centers at the
r1 ends of the line.
r1
2. Join the intersection points of
the arcs with a line.
B
3. Locate the midpoint.
Play
132
Bisect an angle
Given Steps
A
1. Swing an arc of any radius
whose centers at the vertex.
2. Swing the arcs of any radius

r1 r2 from the intersection points
B
between the previous arc and
r2 the lines.
C 3. Draw the line.

Play
133
Parallel line through a given point
Given Steps
+C 1. Line an edge of a triangle up

to a given line.
2. Support the triangle with
another one.
3. Slide the first triangle until its
edge passes through the
given point.
4. Draw a line.
Play
134
Parallel line at a given distance
Given Steps
1. Choose a convenient point on

a given line.
r
2. Use that point as center of an
r
arc with a radius equal to a
given distance.
3. Draw a line parallel to a given

line and tangent to the arc.
Play
135
Perpendicular line through a point
Revolve method
Steps
Given
1. Line an opposite edge of a 45o
triangle up to a given line.
2. Support the triangle with another
one.
+C
3. Rotate the first triangle and
slide
until its edge passes through
the given point.
4. Draw a line.
Play
136
Adjacent-sides method
Steps
Given
1. Line an adjacent edge of a 45o
+C one.
3. Slide the first triangle until
another adjacent edge passes
through the given point.
4. Draw a line.
Play
137
Compass method
Steps
Given r2 > r1
1. Use a given point as center,
draw the arc with any radius.
r2
D
2. Bisect the distance between the
intersection points between an
r1 arc and a given line.
A
3. Draw a line.
+
C
B
Play
138
Adjacent-sides method
Steps
Given
+C
one.
4. Draw a line.
Play
139
Compass method
Steps
Given
+C 1. Use a given point as a center,
r2
D draw the arc with any radius that
intersect the given line.
r2
2. Bisect the distance between the
intersection points between an
A arc and a given line.
r1
3. Draw a line.
Play B
140
Line making 15o with a given line
through a given point
15o CCW 15o CW
Given Given
C C
+ +
Play Play
141
30o CCW 30o CW
Given Given
C C
+ +
Play Play
142
75o CCW 75o CW
Given Given
C
+
+C
Play Play
143
Tangent line to a given point on arc
Given Steps

O triangle up to the center of an
arc and a given given.
C 2. Support the triangle with another
one.
4. Draw a line.
Play
144
Tangent line to an arc from a given point
1) Simplified method 2) Accurate method
Given Given
O O
T B T
C C
Play Play
145
Concept
To draw a tangent arc (of a specified radius, R), it is necessary to locate
1. Center, C.
The intersection between two parallel lines

at a distance equal to arc’s radius. R
R
2. Start and end points

(or tangent points) of the arc. R
The intersection between a given line and a

line passing through the center of an arc and
perpendicular to a given line.
146
Tangent arc to given lines 1/2
Given 1. Locate the center of an arc
R
R
Play Continue
147
Tangent arc to given lines 2/2
2. Locate the tangent points
TP.1
TP.2
Back
148
Concept
Tangent point lies on the line passes through the centers of each arc
(or circle).
R3
R2
R1
149
Tangent arc to given arcs
To draw a tangent arc (of a specified radius, R), it is necessary to locate
1. its center, C.
2. the start and end points (or tangent points) of the arc.
External tangent Internal tangent
C
R R
R2
R2 R1
R1
C1 C2
C1 C2
R-R1 R-R2
C
150
External tangent arc
Given
R + R2
R + R1 C R2
R
R1
+ C2
C1 +
Play
151
Internal tangent arc
Given
R
R2
R1
+ +
C1 C2
C R – R2
R – R1
Play
152
Mixed tangent arc
Given
R2
R1
C2
C1+ +
R
R – R1
C
Play R + R2
153
Practice
Workbook : GEO 01 - 31
154
16 Isometric Sketch
155
Axonometric projection
o A parallel projection technique used to
a
create a pictorial drawing of an object 1. Trimetric
b c None of the angles
by rotating the object on axis relative to
are equal.
a projection plane.
a 2. Dimetric
B
Two angles
A
b c are equal.
D
B C
A
3. Isometric
a All angles are
D
C
Parallel & normal to equal.
b c (a = b = c = 120o)
Line of sight a projection plane
156
Angle and distance in isometric sketch
o Actual distance can be measured only along the isometric axis.
o No actual angles appear in an isometric sketch.
90o appears as 120o. Nonisometric line

90o appears as 60o.
2
1 2 1 2
1
3 3 3
157
Reading an orthographic view :
Isometric sketch
158
Meaning & Notes
o A process of recognizing an information of object, i.e. shape and
dimension, by interpreting the meaning of line and area that appear in
an orthographic multiview.
Notes
o This is a reverse process of orthographic writing.
o We usually represent the interpreted shape as a pictorial view.
o This section is concern one type of a pictorial view, namely an isometric
view.
o Typically, hidden an center lines are omitted from a pictorial view.
159
Steps
Examples
1. Analyze an arrangement of
a given orthographic views T F R T
F R B L F
2. Select a suitable orientation
of isometric axes. Front
3. Interpret each line and area Front Front

in orthographic views as a
plane or surface.
4. Sketch your interpreting

result in an isometric-grid
paper.
Front
160
Type of planes
1. Normal plane
The plane appears as true size and shape on the on a principal plane
and as a horizontal or vertical line in the adjacent views.
2. Inclined plane
The plane appears as an edge in the view where it is perpendicular to
and as a foreshortened surface in the adjacent views.
3. Oblique plane
The plane is not parallel to all the principal planes. The plane appears
as a foreshortened surface in the principal views.
161
Example
162
Sketching a normal plane
1. Given 2. Given
Front Front
Right Right
Top Bottom
Front
Front
163
Sketching an inclined plane
Given Front-Right-Top
Front
164
Sketching circle & arc 1/3
o Circle becomes isometric ellipse in an isometric view.
165
1. Locate the center of an ellipse by

two
isometric lines.
2. Sketch an isometric square.
3. Sketch diagonal lines.
4. Mark each diagonal line at a 2/3
position 2/3
70% or  2/3 of the half-length of 2/3
the 2/3
line. (denoted by solid circle in the figure)

5. Draw the arcs pass through the
marked and tangent points.
166
Given Front-Bottom-Right
Front
167
Common mistake
Wrong Correct
168
Sketching irregular curve
o Use the idea of plotting a curve.
o Steps are
1. In orthographic views, choose a finite number of points along the curve.
2. Plot these points in the isometric axes.
3. Sketch a smooth curve passes through plotted points.
169
Practice
Workbook : ISO 13 - 15
170
17 Oblique Sketch
171
Oblique projection
1. Cavalier
Parallel & oblique to
a projection plane Full scale
A 45o
A
B B
C
C
Line of sight 2. Cabinet
D
D
Half scale
Parallel to
a projection plane 45o
172
Advantage
o One face appears as true size and shape.
o Reduce effort especially sketching a circular features.
173
Disadvantage
o They tend to be distorted because they are not a “true projection”.
(Cavalier) (Cabinet)
174
Guidance
1. The frontal plane should contain most of object’s features;
especially,
a circular features.
2. The longest length dimension of object should be placed parallel to
the frontal plane.
175
Examples
Good
Poor
176
Oblique circles
o Circles parallel to the frontal plane are circles; on other planes, ellipse.
o Steps:
1. Locate the center of an ellipse by two
oblique lines.
2. Sketch an oblique square.
3. Sketch diagonal lines.
4. Mark each diagonal line at a position
70% or  2/3 of the half-length of the
line. (denoted by solid circle in the figure)
5. Draw the arcs pass through the
marked and tangent points.
177
Reading an orthographic view :
Oblique sketch
178
Meaning & Notes
o A process of recognizing an information of object, i.e. shape and
dimension, by interpreting the meaning of line and area that appear in
an orthographic multiview.
Notes
o This is a reverse process of orthographic writing.
o We usually represent the interpreted shape as a pictorial view.
o This section is concern one type of a pictorial view,
namely an oblique view.
179
Angle and distance in oblique view
o Angle and distance appears as true size on the frontal plane.
2
1 2
1
3 3 1
3
(Cavalier)
180
Sketching steps
1. Sketch a true size and shape of a selected face on a square grid paper.
2. Extrude that surface to a required depth in a prefer inclined direction,

e.g. 45o.
Note Repeat the above process until all features are sketched.
Example
181
Example 1
Cavalier
182
Example 2
Cabinet
183
Example 3
E
D
D
B
A
A
Cabinet
184
Self study 1/2
1 2 3 4
185
Self study 2/2
5 6
186
Practice
Workbook : OBL 01 - 05
187
18 Object rotation & cutting
188
Rotate 2-D shape in 2-D space
o The point on the shape that coincide with a pivot point will stay at
the same position.
o Each line on the shape is rotated by the same angular displacement
about a pivot point.
y y
Example
90 CCW
about z-axis
x x
Pivot point Pivot point
90 CCW
189
o The previous concepts still applicable, but the 2-D shape is appeared
in an isometric plane.
Example y y
90 CCW
about z-axis
Pivot Pivot
z x z x
point point
190
o The edge of the object originally in contact with the axis of rotation
remains in contact after the rotation. This edge is called the pivot edge.
o Each point, edge, and surface on the object is rotated by exactly
the same amount.
y y
Pivot edge
90 CCW
about y-axis
z
z x x
191
Guidance
1. Select one surface of an object.
2. Focus on the selected surface, then rotate it about the pivot axis.
3. Sketch an adjacent surface from the rotated surface.
Example y y
y
z z
x x
3
1
2 y y
z x
90 CW
about x-axis z z
x x
192
Object cutting
o Line of intersection between a cutting plane and object’s surface
is a part of an edge of newly created surfaces.
o Visualize the sectioned area created by each cutting plane,
one at a time. Represent the boundary of each sectional area
with hidden lines.
o Expose the hidden area and replace hidden lines with visible lines.
193
Practice
Workbook : ORT 01 – 07
OCT 01
194
19 Reading an Orthographic View :
Additional guidance
195
Guidance
1. The parallel lines always parallel to each other in any of viewing
direction.
2. A complex-shaped objects can be modified from a simple-shaped object.
3. A complex-shaped objects can be a combination of simple-shaped
objects, i.e. analysis by solid.
196
Usefulness of parallel lines
197
Modify a simple object 1/3
198
199
Front Front Front

200
Combine simple objects 1/2
Visualize Move objects Merge objects

simple-shape object to a correct position together
201
Combine simple objects 2/2
Area 1 Area 2
= +
202
Guidance
4. Complex-shaped objects can be visualized as a combination of
surfaces, i.e. analysis by surface.
5. Adjacent areas in orthographic view that are separated by the lines
means those areas are not lie in the same plane.
6. Areas of a similar shape on the different views that obey the
orthographic projection rule is the projection of the same surface.
Adjacent area
203
Example 1
3
5 2 1
1 2 3
3
3 3 3
5
1 4
2 5
2
4
1 5
4
204
Example 2
2
3
1
2
2 3 3
4 1 1
4
1 2 3 4
205
Example 3
8
6
7
3 1 4
5
5 7 6 5 7 6
8
3
8
1 1
2 2 4
3
4
206
Practice
Workbook : ISO 01 - 12
207
Summary
1. Graphical language improve an effectiveness in a technical communication.
2. The orthographic projection concept and a drawing standard are the underlying
components in engineering drawing.
3. An orthographic multiview, both principal and auxiliary views, is a standard
graphical format for transferring an object information to a reader.
4. A pictorial view, i.e. isometric or oblique, is used as a supplementary view in an
engineering drawing.
5. The course contents appeared to students till now, i.e. parts 01-19, concentrate
on development of a students’ spatial ability with a little concern about a drawing
standard.
6. From now on, the contents in the remaining parts, i.e. parts 20-37, will shift
to the recommended practices that appear in a drawing standard.
208
20 Dimensioning :
Basic concepts
209
Definition
o A process of specifying part’s information by using of lines,
number, symbols and notes.
o In this course, we consider only the following information

1. Sizes and location of the object’s features. (this chapter)
2. Type of material
3. Number of piece required to assemble into a single unit
of a product.
210
Dimension components
1. Extension lines
To indicate the position on the 20 f10
object’s features that are dimensioned. R16
2. Dimension lines (included arrowheads)

To indicate the direction and extent of
a dimension, and inscribe dimension
13
numbers.
3. Dimension numbers
4. Leader lines
o Lines to be used in dimensioning
To indicate details of the feature
are always a thin continuous line.
with a local note.
o Detail of a local note depends
5. General notes on the type of features.
211
Dimension style
Style 1 : Use an extension line, dimension line and dimension
number.
27
Style 2 : Use a leader line and (local) note.
f10
Style 3 : Use a general note.
Remove all sharp edges.
212
Dimensioning steps
1. Visualize a rough shape of an object from a given orthographic
multiview of an object.
2. Repeat asking yourself the following questions in a sequence.
Q1 : What is the feature and type of its information to be

dimensioned?
Q2 : How to present that information with an appropriate style?
Q3 : Where to place the selected dimension style?
213
Example
Given
Feature /
Information Style Placement
1. Obj. / Height Style 1 F.V.; Right side
2. Obj. / Width Style 1 F.V.; Bottom
3. Obj. / Depth Style 1 S.V.; Bottom
4. Hole / diameter Style 2 F.V.
5. Hole / depth ---- omit -----

6. Hole / position Style 1 F.V.
214
21 Dimensioning :
Recommended practice on
dimension components
215
Extension line 1/2
1. Space out the beginning of an extension line from a view or center
line 0.5-1 mm.
2. Draw the extension lines beyond the (last) dimension line 1-3 mm.
Good Poor Wrong

2.1 2.2
1.1 1.2
1.3 1.4
216
Extension line 2/2
3. Do not break the extension lines as they cross any line types,
i.e. extension line always a continuous line.
Good Wrong
3.1
3.2
3.3
217
Dimension line
4. Appropriately space the dimension lines apart from each other and
the view.
22
4.5
Good Poor 8
4.4
4.3
4.1
4.2
34
34
30
30
25
25
4.6
8-10 mm
5-8 mm
30
218
Dimension numbers 1/4
5. Size of dimension numbers and notes is about 2.5-3 mm.
6. Place the numbers above the dimension line about 0.5-1 mm and if
possible place the number at the mid-length of a dimension line.
5.2
Good Poor
22
5.1
8
6.1
6.2
34
30
30
25
25
6.3
34
6.4
30
219
7. Length dimension is expressed in millimeters without a unit symbol
“mm”.
8. Angular dimension is expressed in degree with a symbol “o”
places behind the number.
(The minutes “” and seconds “” may be used together.)
7.1
Good Wrong
8.1
2.3 cm
7.2
25 mm
25
220
9. If the dimension number or arrow head can not be placed between
the extension line, put it outside either of the extension lines.
Good Poor Wrong
16.25 16.25
Not enough space
for number
1 1 1 1
Not enough space or
for arrows
221
10. For an aligned system, the dimension
2nd
figures choice
are placed so that they are readable from the
bottom (1st choice) or right side (2nd choice) of 1st
choice
the drawing.
Linear dimension Angular dimension
30
45o
30
30
45o
45o
30 45o
222
Local note
11. Place a local note near a feature that they apply, but outside the view.
12. Write horizontally above the bent portion of a leader line.
Good Poor Wrong

10-12 mm
12 Drill
12 Drill
12 Drill
12 Drill
223
22 Dimensioning :
Recommended practice on
placement of dimension
224
Recommended practice 1/9
1. Extension and leader lines should not cross dimension lines.
Good Poor
1.1
1.2
225
2. Extension lines should be drawn from the nearest points to be
dimensioned.
Good Poor
2.1
226
3. Extension and leader lines can cross any line types without leaving a
gap at the intersection point.
Good Wrong
3.1
3.2
227
4. Do not use visible, center, and dimension lines as an extension lines.
Good Poor Wrong
4.2
4.1
4.3
228
5. Avoid dimensioning hidden lines.
Good Poor
5.1
229
6. Apply the dimension to the view that clearly represents the contour or
shape of a feature.
Good Poor
6.1
6.2
230
7. Place dimensions outside the view, unless placing them inside improve
the clarity.
Good Poor
231
8. Dimension lines should be lined up and grouped together as much as
possible.
Good Poor
232
9. Avoid repeat a dimension (superfluous dimensions).
Good Poor
233
23 Dimensioning :
A simple geometry
234
Basic dimension symbols
 Degree (angular dimension)

f Diameter
R Radius
235
Length and distance
Information Dimension style
1. Length of an edge Style 1

2. Distance between features
60
30
7
40 10 15
236
Thickness
In the case of single view drawing
o Inscribe the symbol “t” before a dimension number that indicating
the
thickness and place at an easily visible position near or inside the
view.
o Note that, thickness of a part may be inscribed in a title block.
t5
t5
237
Angle
Information Dimension
style
1. Angle between edges. Style 1
Note A circular dimension line must has its center at the intersection of the
extension lines.
Good Poor
238
Arc
1. Radius Style 2
2. Center’s location Style 1
Recommended practice
1. Write the letter “R” ahead of a dimension number.
2. Leader line must be aligned with a radial line.
3. Leader line should incline 30o-60o to the horizontal.
4. The note and the arrowhead should be placed in a concave side of an arc,
whenever there is a sufficient space. However, this is not a strict practice.
5. In the case where the radius of an arc is large and it is required to indicate
the position of its center, and also the restriction of paper exists, use
foreshortened radial dimension line.
239
Example
R200
Enough space
for leader line & note
R62.5
R62.5 R62.5
Enough space only
for arrowhead
R6.5
Not enough space
for both
240
Example
(Actual) center point
Foreshortened Convenient location

radial dimension line
o The part of dimension line attached with arrow head will be in the direction
toward the correct position of center.
241
Common mistakes
R6.5 R6.5 R6.5
R6.5
R6.5
R62.5
62.5
242
Curve
1. Center’s position Style 1
2. Radius Style 2
Good Poor
Leader line points to the tangent
point of a curve.
R20
R40
243
Practice
Workbook : DIM 01 – 04, 20
244
24 Dimensioning :
Object’s features
245
Additional dimension symbols
Counterbore or Spotface
Countersink
Depth
C Center line
□ Square
Slope
(orientation and direction of a symbol depends on details of the part)
Taper
Counterbore hole Countersink hole Taper

246
Cylinder
Information Dimension Placement
style
1. Length Style 1 Longitudinal
2. Diameter Style 2 view
o The symbol “f” is written ahead of a dimension number that specify a

diameter.
150
f70
247
Small hole
1. Center position, center
style
Style 1
distance Circular view
2. Diameter Style 2
3. Depth
4. Number of holes 2f10
f10 f10, Depth 12
or
f10, 12
20
Depth
20 40
Blind hole
Through-thickness
hole
248
Large hole
Use extension and Use diametral Use leader line

dimension lines dimension line and note
f50
f50
249
Common mistakes
f xx f xx
f xx Rxx
f xx
f xx
250
Straight slot 1/2
1. Length
style
A view that can
2. Width Style 1
see shape of the
3. Position slot.
1) Close-ended slot 2) Open-ended slot

15
15
20 40 50
251
Straight slot 2/2
Drawing Machining process
1) Close-ended
slot
15
40
Play
Distance from
center to center
2) Open-ended
slot
15
50
Play
Tool cutting distance
252
Keyway of shaft 1/3
style
1. Width
2. Depth See
Style
3. Length examples
1
4. Position on the next Key
2 slides
5. End part
Keyway of
shaft
(or keyseat)
Keyway of
hole
253
Keyway of shaft 2/3
254 Ref. https://www.maritool.com/p13435/Large-Diameter-HSS-Keyseat-Cutter-1.625-X-.500/product_info.html

Keyway of shaft 3/3
A-A
255
Keyway of the hole
style
1. Width
Style 1 Circular view
2. Depth
Keyway of hole
256
Fillet and round
style
1. Radius Style 2 or 3 A view that can see shape of
a fillet or round.
1. Use general note if all 2. If the most of fillets and rounds

fillets have an equal radius, except
and rounds have an equal for
radius. some places use both styles.
R9
NOTE:
NOTE: All fillets and round are R6.5
All fillets and round are R6 unless otherwise specified.
257
External chamfer
style
1. Linear distance A view that can see shape of
Style 1 or 2 a chamfer.
2. Angle
45o chamfer
S CS or S45 or SS
Sq
Case of 45 degrees
S
Sq CS or S45 or SS
258
Internal chamfer
style
1. Entrance A view that can see shape of
Style 1 or 2 a chamfer.
diameter
2. Angle
Example 45 chamfer
90
f40 f40
259
Counterbore hole 1/2
o A hole with a cylindrical enlargement at the entrance to a certain depth.

style
1. Hole diameter
If possible place on
2. Hole depth Style 2
a circular view
3. Counterboring diameter
4. Counterboring depth
5. Number of hole
260
Counterbore hole 2/2
Local note
a) no. of holes  hole diameter drill,
depth hole depth
fcounterboring diameter counterboring depth counterboring depth
b) no. of holes  hole diameter drill, x hole depth
fcounterboring diameter counterboring depth
6 drill, 6 drill, depth 20,

f11 counterboring depth 6 f11 counterboring depth 6
or
or
6 drill, 20, f11, 6
6 drill, f11, 6
261
Spot face 1/2
o A process to finish a round spot on the rough surface of a casting
at a drilled hole for providing a smooth seat for a fastener head.
spot facing

style
1. Hole diameter
If possible place on
2. Hole depth Style 2
a circular view
3. Spot face diameter
4. Number of spot face
262
Spot face 2/2
Local note
a) no. of spot face  hole diameter drill, depth hole depth
fspot face diameter spot facings
b) no. of spot face  hole diameter drill, x hole depth

fspot face diameter
5 drill, f10 spot facings
or
5 drill, f10
263
Countersink hole 1/2
o A hole with a conical enlargement at the entrance.

1. Hole diameter style
2. Hole depth If possible place on
Style 2
3. Countersink a circular view
diameter
4. Number of hole
264
Countersink hole 2/2
Local note
a) no. of holes  hole diameter drill,
depth hole depth
fcountersink diameter countersink
b) no. of holes  hole diameter drill, xhole depth
fcountersink diameter
6 drill, f11 countersink 6 drill, depth 20, f11 countersink

or or
6 drill, f11 6 drill, 20 wf11
265
Slope
o Use a leader line point to the sloped face.
o A symbol is used to represent the slope direction.
o Slope is indicated as 1:slope
H1
1:25
H2
Slope = (H1-H2)/L
266
Taper
o Use a leader line point to the sloped face.
o A symbol is used to represent the taper direction.
o Slope is indicated as 1:taper rate
1:5
H2
H1
Taper rate = (H1-H2)/L
267
Sphere
o The letter “S” is added before a radius or diameter symbol to
indicate a spherical surface.
Sf50
268
Square
o Add the symbol “□” before the dimension number that indicates
width of the square.
□10
10
10
269
Practice
Workbook : DIM 05 – 19, 21-24
270
25 Dimensioning :
Additional technique
271
Coordinate dimensioning
x y f
E F
A 20 20 13.5
D B 140 20 13.5
C 200 20 13.5
A B C D 60 60 13.5
y
E 100 90 26
F 180 90 26
x
272
Symbolic dimensioning
f195
f195
B A
f360
f230
f360
A B
45 45
L1 (370) L2
4370 B A
A = f12
Product
1 2 3 B = f10
number
Symbol
L1 1915 2500 3115
L2 2085 1500 885
273
26 Sectional View:
Concepts
274
Purposes
o Improve clarity of interior features.
o Facilitate dimensioning.
Regular
view
Sectional
view
275
When the section view is needed?
o Inconvenient in dimensioning of internal features.
o Hidden lines of different features overlap or come close to each other.
276
Concepts 1/5
1. A sectional view is created by supposing an imaginary cutting plane
to be used and everything in front of the plane removed to show the
cut surface and the interior details.
2. Section lines or hatching are added to a section view to indicate the
cut surface.
Imaginary cutting plane
Regular
view
(front & top)
Section
view
277
Concepts 2/5
3. The word “imaginary cutting plane” is used because the object is
not really cut by a real plane into 2 pieces.
Correct Wrong
Right or Wrong?
278
Concepts 3/5
4. All visible lines beyond the section have to be shown on section view.
Correct
Wrong
279
Concepts 4/5
5. Show the edge of the cutting plane by a cutting plane line.
6. A cutting plane line is presented by a chain line with a thick-visible line
at both ends and anywhere the line changes direction. (JIS B0001)
7. A viewing direction of a sectional view is presented by a line with
arrowhead pointed toward and normal to the end of a cutting plane
line.
Offset
cutting plane line
280
Examples
1 Notes
1. Cutting plane line shows
a place where the object
is cut.
2. Section view appears
adjacent to a view that
cutting plane line is
shown.
281
Concepts 5/5
8. For a multiple cut, treat each cut independently.
Example
A A
B
Section B-B
Section A-A
282
Example
B C D
A A
B C D
B-B (1:1) C-C (1:1) D-D (1:1)
283
Concepts 6/6
9. A place to be cut depends on internal features need to be clarified.
Example : Clarify the front view.
284
Example
Clarify the right side view.
285
Example
Clarify the top view.
286
Common mistake
o Show a cutting plane instead of a cutting plane line.
Wrong Correct
287
27 Section view :
Recommended Practice
288
1. Use thin continuous inclined line for section lines.
(An inclined angle of 45 (or 135) is usually used as the first option.)
2. A sectioned area should contain a sufficient number of section lines

within, in order to distinguish from other areas, but not too dense.
Good Poor practices
Too dense Too coarse Uneven Uneven

spacing orientation
289
3. Section lines for large area could be applied along the visible outline.
This type of section is called “outline section”.
290
4. Section lines should not run parallel or perpendicular to contour of
the view.
5. Section lining of the same part must have the same pattern.
Good Poor
291
6. Hidden lines should not be drawn on sectional views except when
needed for dimensioning or for clearly describing the shape.
Good
(Omit hidden lines)
Poor
(show hidden lines)
292
Example
Regular view
Sectional view
Good
Poor
293
28 Section view :
Kind of Sections
294
Kind of sections
1. Full section
2. Offset section
3. Half section
4. Broken-out section
5. Revolved section (or aligned section)
6. Removed section (or detailed section)
7. Auxiliary section
295
1. Full section
o A section view is made by passing the straight cutting plane
completely through the part.
296
2. Offset section
o A section view is made by passing the bended cutting plane completely
through the part.
o Omit edge view of the cutting plane in a sectional view.
o Suitable when object’s features are not located in-line among each
other.
297
3. Half section 1/2
o Use to advantage with symmetrical parts to show both the interior and
the exterior in one view.
o A section view is made by passing two cutting planes at right angles
through the part and remove a quarter of it.
298
3. Half section 2/2
o Use center line to separate the sectioned half from the unsectioned
half of the view.
o Omit hidden lines in unsectioned half of the view.
299
4. Broken-out section
o A convenient means of showing some interior detail without drawing
a full or half section.
o A section view is made by passing the cutting plane through the
desired detail and broken-out the portion of an object in front of it.
o Use thin continuous line as a break line to separate sectioned and
unsectioned portions.
o Omit cutting plane line.
300
5. Revolved section
o A convenient means of showing the cross-sectional shape in one view
drawing of an object.
o A section view is made by cutting a section perpendicular to the length
and then revolving the section through 90o parallel to the plane of view.
o Revolved section view can be superimposed or break a regular view.
o Omit cutting plane line.
superimposed
break
301
Examples
1 2 Hook
Arm (or spoke)
Rim
Handle
302
Example
3
Given Application of revolved section
1. Reveal of a hidden part

2. Transfer a sectioned area
3. Revolve
4. View
303
6. Removed section 1/3
o Create with the same concept as a revolved section.
o Used to avoid interruption between section and regular views.
Poor (Revolved section) Good (Removed section)
Confuse Clear
Easy to add
dimensions
304
o The removed sectional view or views should be placed in a position
corresponds to the cutting plane line.
1 2
305
Example
306
o If a removed section view is not align with the cutting plane line,
it must be labeled with the name of the cutting plane line.
1
A–A B–B
A B
307
7. Auxiliary section
o A section view is made by passing the straight and inclined cutting
plane through the part.
308
Example
2
309
Dimensioning 1/2
1. Previous rules of dimensioning are applicable.
2. Avoid placing dimension number or notes within the hatched area.
10
f50
310
Dimensioning 2/2
3. For a half-section view, dimension line has a single arrowhead and
points to the position inside the sectioned portion.
f50
311
Practice
Workbook : SEC 01 - 32
312
29 Conventional Practice
313
Meaning
o A commonly accepted practices which disregard some strict rules of
orthographic projection.
Multiview More readable

Object
drawing multiview drawing
Disregard
Projection’ s some rules Conventional
rules practices
314
Purposes
o To improve the clarity of a drawing.

o To facilitate the dimensioning.
o To reduce the drafting effort.
o To save or efficiently use a drawing space.
315
Convention practices in use
1. Partial view
2. Incomplete view
3. Half view
4 Local view
5. Enlarged view
6. Conventional break
7. Repetitive features
8. Intersection : Hole on a cylinder
9. Non-existing intersection line
10. Indication of plane part
11. Section view of special features
12. Aligned view & aligned section
316
1. Partial view
Partial
auxiliary view
Partial
front view
317
2. Incompleted view
o A view that eliminates interfering features to the selected viewing
direction.
Poor
(Fully project)
Good
(Partially
project)
318
Example
Poor
(Fully project)
Good
(Partially
project)
319
3. Half view
o A view that is appeared only half of a symmetrical part.
o Symmetric condition can be identified by
a) Use center line as a line of symmetry and add a symmetry symbol
at the end of the line.
b) Half view can be made by drawing the views slightly beyond the
line of symmetry and close the area with a break line.
Break
line
(a) (b)
320
Examples
1 2
321
Examples
3 A quarter view 4 A half-view
full-section
5 A half-view
half-section
322
4. Local view
o A view of a specific feature projects from the main
view.
1 2
12
R4
323
5. Enlarged view
o A view that is partly selected from a main view and is drawn with an
enlarged scale.
Enlarged view
A
o Frame a selected area
with a thin continuous line.
A (3:1)
o Name of a selected area
o Identify the name

and scale
324
6. Conventional break
o A technique for omitting a part of an object that can be inferred from
nearby or remaining part.
Poo
r
800
Good
(improve clarity)
800
o Number is underlined
to indicate this is a “not
to scale dimensions”.
325
Example
326
7. Repetitive features
o A technique that replace the actual shape of repeated features with a
graphic symbol at the intersecting point of pitch line and center line.
327
Example
3 4
328
8. Intersection between cylinders 1/2
o A practice that approximate the intersect of small hole, narrow slot or
small cylinder to the a large cylinder in a longitudinal view with a
straight line.
Small hole vs. large Narrow slot vs. large Small cylinder vs. large
cylinder cylinder cylinder
329
8. Intersection between cylinders 2/2
o Whenever the previous condition is not satisfied, the intersection line
has to be drawn by a true projection.
Hole’s size is comparable to diameter Slot width is comparable to diameter
of a cylinder of a cylinder
330
Example
Intersection line at outer surface Intersection line at inner surface
331
9. Nonexisting line of intersection
o A practice that treat a smoothly tangent edge in an object as a sharp
edge.
Poor Good
(True projection) (Adding nonexisting line of intersection)
Nonexisting line
of intersection
332
Examples
333
10. Indication of plane part
o Inscribe the diagonal line with thin continuous line to represent
a portion of the part that is a plane.
334
11. Section view of special features 1/3
o Web is a thin and flat feature acts as a structural support.
o Rib is a thin and flat feature acts as a structural reinforcement.
o Spoke is the rod radiating from the hub to connect the rim of a wheel.
o Lug is an ear which is built as portion of an object for attachment.
Spoke
Lug
Web
Rib
335
11. Section view of special features 2/3
Conventional practices are
o Omit section lines if rib and web are flatwise cut.
o Omit section lines if spoke is longwise cut.
o Omit section lines in a section view of a lug.
336
Example 1/4
Poor Good
Mislead shape
337
Example 2/4
Good
Good
338
Example 3/4
Mislead shape
Poor
Good
339
Example 4/4
340
12. Aligned view & aligned section view
o A practice that imaginary rotates the features that do not show a true
size, true shape or true radial position from the symmetry axis.
o This practice improves a clarity and reduce drafting effort.
True Aligned Aligned

projection view section
341
Example 1/6
Given
Poor Aligned view Aligned section view
342
Example 2/6
Poor Good Poor Good

Show a true radial distance Show a true radial distance
343
Example 3/6
Poor Good Show a true shape
Aligned view Aligned section view
344
Example 4/6
Poor Good Show true shape and radial distance
Aligned view Aligned section view
345
Example 5/6
Good Good
Show a true shape and true radial distance Show a true shape and true radial distance
Aligned view Aligned section view Aligned view Aligned section view
346
Example 6/6
Good Good
Show a true shape and true radial distance Show a true shape and true radial distance
Aligned view Aligned section view Aligned view Aligned section view
347
Intersection between fillet and round
Runout
Intersection between fillet and round
Practice
Workbook : COR 01 – 08
CSE 01 – 15
350
30 Thread terminology
351
Terminology 1/5
1. External thread (male) is a thread cut on the outside of a cylindrical
body.
2. Internal thread (female) is a thread cut on the inside of a cylindrical
body.
External thread Internal thread
352
Terminology 2/5
3. Thread form is a profile shape of the thread.
American Unified Whitworth

national national
Sharp V Square ACME
Buttress Knuckle
353
Terminology 3/5
4. Right-hand thread is a thread that will assemble when turned
clockwise.
5. Left-hand thread is a thread that will assemble when turned
counterclockwise
Turnbuckle use RH and LH thread

at each end to double displacement.
354
Terminology 4/5
6. Crest is the peak edge of a thread.
7. Root is the bottom of the thread cut into a cylindrical body.
8. Thread angle is the angle between threads faces.
9. Major diameter is the largest diameter on an internal or external thread.
10. Minor diameter is the smallest diameter on an internal or external
thread.
11.Thread depth is the distance between the crest and the root.
Thread angle
External Internal
thread thread
Minor dia.
Major dia.
Major dia.
Minor dia.
Crest
Root
Root Crest
355
Terminology 5/5
12. Pitch is the distance between crests of threads.
13. Lead is the distance a screw will advance when turned 360o.
External thread Internal thread Note :

Pitch Pitch
Thread engagement occurs
if and only if nominal size (or
major diameter) and pitch of
thread pair are equal.
356
31 Thread cutting
357
External thread cutting
Tools
1. Die 2. Die stock
Major Dia.
Major Dia. Minor Dia.
Operation
358
Internal thread cutting
Tools
1) Twist drill 2) Tap 3) Tap wrench
Operation
Major Dia.
Minor Dia. Minor Dia.
359
32 Thread drawing
360
Thread representation
Detailed Schematic Simplified
Thread Almost the same as Straight line Straight line
profile actual shape
Crest & Slanted line Line normal to Line parallel to

root cylinder (or hole) axis cylinder (or hole) axis
External
thread
Internal
thread
361
Simplified thread symbol
o Thick continuous line is used for crest and the end of a full depth
thread.
o Thin continuous line is used for root and runout.
o Runout make 30o with thread axis.
External thread Internal thread
Through hole Blinded hole
Full depth Complete Thread

thread thread runout
Major dia.
Minor dia.
Thread Root Crest Pitch/2

runout
362
Standard metric thread size
o Thread size can be divided into inch thread and metric thread.
o This course adopts a metric thread.
o Divided into 1) coarse-thread series and 2) Fine-thread series
Coarse-thread series Fine-thread series

(JIS B-0205) (JIS B-0207)
Nominal Major Pitch Minor Nominal Major Pitch Minor
size diameter Diameter size diameter diameter
… … … … … … … …
M10 10.00 1.5 8.376 1.25 8.647
… … … … M10 10.00 1.00 8.917
0.75 9.188
… … … …
o The letter “M” denote a metric (SI) thread.

o Minor diameter ≈ Major diameter – Pitch
363
Table for metric screw thread
Coarse Fine
thread thread
series series
364
External thread :
Drawing steps
1. Identify thread specifications 2.1
2.3
1.1 major diameter(or nominal size)
1.2 pitch
2.2 2.2
1.3 thread length
2. Layout a construction line 2.4
2.1 thread axis

2.2 thread begin and thread end
2.3 crest (major diameter)
2.4 root (minor diameter) 2.5 2.5
2.5 chamfer and thread runout
3. Apply a correct lineweight.

Use a continuous thick line for all 4.1 4.2
except for root and runout.
4. Draw an end view (if required)

4.1 Crest appears as a circle with a thick line.
4.2 Root appears as a 270o arc with a thin line.
365
External thread :
Dimensioning
1. Use local note for
1.1 thread form
“M” for “metric”
“Tr” for “trapezoidal”
M101.25
1.2 nominal size (or major diameter)
1.3 pitch (omit for coarse thread)
Designation
Mnominal size  pitch
Ex. M101.25 20
M10
M121
2. Use extension line, dimension line
and number for thread length.
366
Internal thread
Internal Threaddrawing steps :
Through hole
1. Identify thread specifications 2.2 2.3
1.1 major diameter
1.2 pitch
2.1
2. Layout a construction line

2.1 thread axis
2.2 crest (drilled hole or minor diameter)
2.3 root (major diameter)

- For a regular view, all lines appear as hidden lines
4.2
- For a sectional view, use a continuous thick line 4.1
for crest and thin line for root.
4. Draw an end view (if required).

367
Internal thread
Internal Thread drawing :
Blinded hole
2.2
1. Identify thread specifications
1.1 diameter and depth of a drilled hole 2.1
1.2 major diameter
1.3 pitch
1.4 thread depth
2.3
2.4
2. Layout a construction line 2.5
2.1 thread axis

2.2 drill hole diameter and depth (minor diameter)
2.3 thread depth
2.4 major diameter
2.5 thread runout

- For a regular view, all lines appear as hidden lines.
- For a sectional view, use a continuous thick line
for all except thread root and runout.
4. Draw an end view (if required).

368
Internal Thread
Internal thread dimensioning
1. Use local note for
1.1 thread form (M for “metric”, Tr for “trapezoidal”)
1.2 pitch (omit for coarse thread)
1.3 thread depth (for blind hole)
1.4 hole diameter
1.5 hole depth
Designation Mnominal sizepitchthread depth/fhole diameterxhole depth
Ex. (Blinded hole) M101.2520/f8.9x25

M1020/f8.4x25
Ex. (Through hole) M101.25/f8.9
Ex. (multiple holes) 4M101.2520/f8.9x25
M101.2520/f8.9x25
369
33 Threaded fastener
370
Types
1. Stud
2. Hexagonal head bolt
(or Hex. head cap screw)
3. Hexagonal socket head bolt
(or Hex. socket head cap screw)
4. Set screw
Accessories
1. Washer
1.1 Plain washer
1.2 Spring washer
2. Hexagon nut
371
Drawing & terminology
Thread length Thread length Hex. Socket Head Cap Screw
Stud
Length
Hex. Bolt Thread length

Set screw
Length
Width across flat, B Head thickness, H
Hex. Nut Plain Washer
Nut thickness, H
372
Tables for Hex. Bolt, Nut, Washer
Hexagonal Head Bolt and Nut Unit : mm. Plain Washer Unit : mm.
Thread Width Bolt head Nut

size across flat thickness thickness Thread Inner Outer Thickness
M3 5.5 2 2.4 size diameter diameter
M4 7 2.8 3.2 M6 6.6 12.5 1.6
M5 8 3.5 4 M8 9 17 1.6
M6 10 4 5 M10 11 21 2
M8 13 5.5 6.5 M12 14 24 2.3
M10 17 7 8 M16 18 30 3.2
M12 19 8 10 M20 22 37 3.2
M16 24 10 13 M24 26 44 4.5
M20 30 13 16
M24 36 15 19
Width
across flat, B Head thickness, H
Nut thickness, H
373
Bolt drawing steps
1. Identify bolt specifications B
1.1 thread size (major diameter and pitch)
1.2 thread length, S
1.3 length of the bolt, L
1.4 width across flat, B
1.5 bolt head thickness, H
2. Layout for
2.1 bolt axis
2.2 circle of diameter B with a circumscribed hexagon
2.3 start and end of bolt head, body and thread
2.4 major and minor diameters, chamfer and runout
2.5 arc of radius B/2 at intersection between bolt axis
and
starting position of bolt head
2.6 second arc of radius B/2 at intersection between the
first arc and bolt axis
2.7 draw tangent arc from three intersection points
2.8 draw (head) chamfer
2.9 finish the outlines at the bolt head
2.10 apply suitable lineweight for bolt body and thread
374
Bolt head (Enlarge scale)
30o
375
Nut drawing
376
Hexagonal socket head bolt
377
Set screw
Flat point
Full dog point Cup point Cone point (slotted) Cone point
Other
(hexagonal socket )
forms
378
Practice
Workbook : THD 01 – 02
379
34 Assembly Drawing :
Introduction
380
Purpose
o To show how each part of a product is put together.
Notes
A complete set of working drawings for manufacturing a product includes:
1. Detail drawing of each nonstandard part.
2. Assembly drawing showing all standard and nonstandard parts
in a single drawing
381
Type
1. Exploded assembly drawings
The parts are separately display, but they are aligned according to their
assembly positions and sequences.
2. General assembly drawings (This course)

All parts are drawn in their working position.
3. Detail assembly drawings (Working drawing assembly)

All parts are drawn in their working position with a completed dimensions.
382
Example
383
Example
384
Components in
a general assembly drawing
1. View(s) that shows all parts are assembled in their working position.
2. Parts identification using leader lines with balloons around part
numbers
3. Bill of materials, BOM
- part number
- Descriptive name of a part
- Material
- Quantity required for assembling a unit of product
4. General notes
Fabrication processes and critical dimensions related to operation of
the product.
385
Example
386
35 Assembly Drawing :
Recommended practice
387
Part identification
o Use a leader line starts from inside of the part with a filled circle and
ends with a balloon having a number inside.
o A line should be oriented in an oblique direction.
1 2
388
Bill of material (BOM)
o The information in this table are
1. Part number
2. Part name (a descriptive name)
3. Quantity
4. Type of material and notes about specification
o Place the table above the title block and fill it from the bottom.
3 Set screw 1 SS304, M3 Hex. Socket Cup point

2 Shaft 1 SS304
1 Support 2 Cast steel
NO. Part Name Quantity Material & Note
389
View 1/3
1. The view(s) must represent
- all (or most) of the parts assembled in a working position.
- function of a product.
2. The number of views can be one or two or more as needed,
but it should be minimum.
General 3-view drawing A necessary view
1 2
390
View 2/3
3. Omit a hidden lines unless they are absolutely necessary to illustrate
some important feature that the reader might otherwise miss.
4. Use section technique to clarify assembled portion. Use different
section line styles for the adjacent areas.
After inserted After inserted After inserted

Drill jig bushing (Hidden lines shown) (Omit hidden lines) (Apply section technique)
Best
391
View 3/3
5. Omit the section lines on the longitudinal section view of threaded
fastener, pin, key, shaft.
392
36 Assembly drawing :
Threaded fastener application
393
Stud 1/3
o Use where bolts would be impractical and for parts that must be
removed frequently (cylinder heads, pumps, etc.)
394
Stud 2/3
Drill a hole Tap Screw Insert Screw

a thread a stud a washer a nut
Note : At the beginning, section line is omitted for clarity
395
Stud 3/3
396
Bolt and nut
397
Cap screw 1/3
398
Cap screw 2/3
399
Cap screw 3/3
400
Set screw
401
Practice
Workbook : THD 03 – 05
402
37 Assembly drawing :
Examples
403
Problem solving steps
1. Determine assemble positions and assemble steps by interpreting
shape and dimension of the given parts or by experiences.
2. Select a suitable viewing direction based on the shape of the
product.
3. Draw an individual part according to the assemble steps at a working
position.
4. Apply a section technique if assemble details have to be clarified.
5. Add dimensions.
6. Identify the parts by adding balloons and notes.
7. Create a BOM.
8. Create part list (or BOM).

404
Example 1 :
Parts visualization
Given
405
Example 1 :
Assemble steps, View selection and Draw
Physical domain Orthographic domain
Keep hidden lines
Omit hidden
lines
406
Example 1 :
View improvement
Yes Select a suitable

section view?
section technique
No
1 2
1. Full section
1 2 2. broken-out section
3. Half section
407
Example 1 :
Dimensioning & BOM
Yes Select important

Dimension?
location
No
1 2 1 2
Create
BOM
2 Sleeve 1 MC Nylon (blue)

1 Stepped-end rod 1 MC Nylon (blue)
NO. Part name Quantity Material & Note
408
Example 2 :
Parts visualization
Given : A chuck wrench
1. Handle
2. Body
409
Example 2 :
Assemble steps, View selection and draw
Physical domain Orthographic domain
View 2 (Good)
View 1 (Poor)
410
Example 3 :
Parts visualization
Given : Hand wheel
1. Wheel
2. Handle
411
Example 3 :
Assemble steps, View selection, and Draw
412
Example 4
Given : Hammer
1. Head 2. Cap
3. Handle
413
Example 4 :
Part visualization, Assemble steps, and View selection
1. Head
View 2 (Good)
2. Cap
View 1 (Poor)
3. Handle
414
Example 4 :
Draw an assembly view 1/3
1) Assemble a cap to a handle
415
Example 4 :
Draw an assemble view 2/3
2) Assemble a handle to a head
416
Example 4 :
Draw an assemble view 3/3
417
Self practice
Sketch an assembly view.
1 Knob 2 Vibration test specimen
418
Self practice
Sketch an assembly view.
3 Shoulder bolt
419
Practice
Workbook : ASM 01 – 27
420
ขอขอบคุณ
่ กคนของหน่ วยบริการเทคโนโลยีเพือการเรี
เจ ้าหน้าทีทุ ่ ยนรู ้ (Learning
Technology Service)
คณะวิศวกรรมศาสตร ์ จุฬาลงกรณ์มหาวิทยาลัย
1. ว่าทีร่ ้อยตรีสข ่ ขสันต ์)

ุ สันต ์ เชิดสูงเนิ น (พีสุ
2. นางสาวภูสยิ า พลอยเลียง ้ (ภู)
3. นางสาวนิ ภาร ัตน์ การะคุณ (นุ่ น)
4. นางสาวอิศรา เคาวฤก (แจ๋ว)
5. นายวิศษ ิ ฐ ์ บัตรพันธนะ (แบงค ์)
6. นางสาวอนุ ชต ิ า จูลประยูร (โบว ์)
421

Engineering - Drawing NAV 2

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Engineering Drawing

Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University

After finished the course, students will be able to

o Perform a spatial visualization and manipulation.

o Graphic language can transfer a multi-dimensional information.

A pair of 80-N forces is applied to the handles

Calculate the support reactions at A and B

22 Shoe testing apparatus and method of use, Patent No.: US 6,289,743 B1

Thailand (มอก / TIS, Thailand Industrial

มอก. 210 2520 ่

ระบบทาความร ้อน การระบาย

Drawing space Drawing

o Basic items on the sheet

1:X (X > 1) for a reduction scales

o In the case that a represented view is not shown in a correct

o With or without a grid (rectangular or isometric.)

o Appropriate line weight.

o A projection (or view) depends on a relative orientation between an

4. Break line Long

9. Section line (or hatching)

10. Phantom line (or imaginary line)

View 1 View 2 View 3

1. Cover the object with a glass box

Front view Right side view

Rear Left side

Visible line covers Visible line covers Hidden line covers

Leave space Leave space

Leave space Leave space Leave space

Workbook : HLP 01-04

o Object should be in their natural position.

Note : Adjacent views are omitted because they repeat an information.

1st angle 3rd angle

Right side Front Top

1st angle 3rd angle

True shape does not present

1. Front auxiliary (adjacent to front view)

Partial Partial (or

B 3. Swing the triangle around the

4. Draw the line upward while rotating the pencil slowly.

-30o + 45o = 15o CCW 60o + (-45o) = 15o CCW

30o + 45o = 75o CCW 45o + 30o = 75o CCW

60o + 45o = 105o CCW 45o + 60o = 105o CCW

Perpendicular Inclined line

Tangent line Tangent arc

2. Swing the arcs of any radius

C 3. Draw the line.

+C 1. Line an edge of a triangle up

1. Choose a convenient point on

3. Draw a line parallel to a given

1. Line an adjacent edge of a 45o

The intersection between two parallel lines

2. Start and end points

The intersection between a given line and a

External tangent Internal tangent

90o appears as 120o. Nonisometric line

3. Interpret each line and area Front Front

4. Sketch your interpreting

1. Locate the center of an ellipse by

70% or  2/3 of the half-length of 2/3

line. (denoted by solid circle in the figure)

2. Extrude that surface to a required depth in a prefer inclined direction,

Front Front Front

Visualize Move objects Merge objects