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2 Digital Transmission
Outlines
Sample pulse
PAM signal
PCM code
Cont’d…
The quantization interval @ quantum
= the magnitude difference between adjacent steps.
Midtread Midrise
Types of Quantizer
1. Uniform type : The levels of the quantized amplitude are uniformly spaced.
2. Non-uniform type : The levels are not uniform.
Dynamic Range (DR)
Vmax Vmax
DR
Vmin resolution
DR 2n 1
DR (dB) 20 log( DR )
□ Where
□ DR = absolute value of dynamic range
□ Vmax = the maximum voltage magnitude
□ Vmin = the quantum value (resolution)
□ n = number of bits in the PCM code
Example 1
1. Calculate the dynamic range for a
linear PCM system using 16-bit
quantizing.
2. Calculate the number of bits in PCM
code if the DR = 192.6 dB
Coding Efficiency
□ A numerical indication of how
efficiently a PCM code is utilized.
□ The ratio of the minimum number of
bits required to achieve a certain
dynamic range to the actual number
of PCM bits used.
Coding Efficiency = Minimum number of bits x 100
□ -law
Vmax ln( 1 Vin Vmax ) Vmax= Max uncompressed
Vout analog input voltage
□ ln( 1 ) Vin= amplitude of the input
signal at a particular of
instant time
A Vin Vmax Vin 1
□ A-law Vmax 0 Vout= compressed output
1 ln A Vout A amplitude
Vout
1 ln( A Vin
Vmax ) 1 Vin A, = parameter define the
1
1 ln A A Vout
amount of compression
μ-law A-law
PCM Line Speed
□ The data rate at which serial PCM bits are clocked out of the
PCM encoder onto the transmission line.
samples bits
line speed X
second sample
□ Where
□ Line speed = the transmission rate in bits per second
□ Sample/second = sample rate, fs
□ Bits/sample = no of bits in the compressed PCM code
Example 4
□ For a single PCM system with a sample
rate fs = 6000 samples per second and
a 7 bits compressed PCM code,
calculate the line speed.
Virtues & Limitation of PCM