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(1) FETs are unipolar devices, they operate with only one type
of charge carrier.
• Since the input of the FETs has very high resistance, the
device draws negligible currents. As a result, little heat is
dissipated in the device.
Note that the p-type material actually surrounds the n channel. The p-
type region is diffused in the n-type material to form a channel and it
is connected to the gate lead.
Wire leads are connected to each end of the n-channel
Three leads of JFET
In comparison to the BJT, the three leads
of a JFET:
Depletion region
form in the n-
channel near to the
drain side.
It is not large
enough to have any
significant effect.
As VDS increases, the reverse bias voltage from gate to drain (VGD)
increases and produces a depletion region large enough to offset the
increase in VDS.
The offset is enough to keep ID constant (between B and point C).
The region between points B and C is called the constant – current
region.
At point B, the drain-to-source (VDS) voltage is called the pinch-off
voltage (VP), the ID axis is labeled IDSS which stands for drain-to-
source current with gate shorted. Both values are specified in
data sheets.
Breakdown
• ID will remain constant until point C, where we reach
breakdown.
Thus, VDD must be 10.72 V for the device to enter the constant current area,
i.e. to make VDS = VP.
Example
A particular p-channel JFET has a
VGS(off) = +4 V. What is ID when VGS = + 6 V?
Solution
Recall a p-channel JFET requires a positive gate-to-
source voltage. The more positive VGS, the less the
drain current.
When VGS = 4 V, ID = 0 (cutoff).
Any further increase in VGS keeps the JFET in cut off,
so ID remains at 0.
JFET Transfer Characteristic
For an n-channel JFET, VGS(off) is negative. The relation between
VGS and ID is known as the transfer characteristic curve (taken from
the drain characteristic curve ):
equation for the JFET transfer
characteristic curve
• The equation for the JFET transfer characteristic curve is:
2
V
ID = IDSS 1
GS
V
GS(off)
• Thus, if IDSS and VGS(off) are known, ID can be determined for any
VGS.
1
8V
For VGS = –4V :
ID = 2.25 mA
JFET Forward Transconductance, gm
The ID vs VGS curve is also known as a transconductance curve.
The slope of the curve is known as the JFET forward transconductance:
gm = ΔID / ΔVGS (S).
Usually, it is very small so that it is measured in S.
Data sheets normally show the value of gm at VGS = 0 V (gm0). This value is
enough to calculate it for all values of VGS:
V
gm = gm0 1 GS
VGS(off)
The gm0 value can be calculate from
I DSS
gm0 = 2
VGS(off)
Input Resistance
Since a JFET operates with the gate-to-source junction
reverse biased, the input resistance is very high.
This is one advantage of JFET over BJT. The input
resistance can be calculated from
RIN = |VGS / IGSS|
Example
Determine the input resistance of the 2N5457 JFET.
Solution
The specification sheet for the 2N5457 JFET lists a maximum
gate reverse current (IGSS) of − 1 nA under the following
conditions:
T = 25 C, VDS = 0 V, VGS = − 15 V
(i) Self-biased
(ii) Voltage-divider biased
• Since IG 0,
VG = IGRG = 0.
VD = VDD – IDRD
= 15 V – (5 mA) (1.0 kΩ) = 10 V
Thus,
VDS = VD – VS
= 10 V – 1.1 V = 8.9 V
Since VG = 0 V,
VGS = VG – VS
= 0 V – 1.1 V = – 1.1 V
Setting the Q-point of a Self-
Biased JFET
The basic approach to establishing a JFET bias point is
to determine ID for a desired value of VGS or vice versa.
Then, calculate the required value of RS by using
RS = |VGS / ID|
Solution
From the graph, ID = 6.25 mA at VGS = -5 V.
Then
RS = |VGS / ID| = 5 V / 6.25 mA = 800 Ω
Example
Determine the value of RS required to self-bias a p-channel
JFET with IDSS = 25 mA and VGS(off) = 15 V. VGS is to be 5 V.
Solution
Use the square-law equation:
2
V
1 GS
ID = IDSS V
GS(off)
= 11.1 mA
Now determine RS:
RS = |VGS / ID|
= 5 V / 11.1 mA = 450 Ω
Midpoint Bias
It is desirable to bias a JFET near the midpoint of its transfer characteristic
I
curve where ID = DSS .
2
Under ac signal condition, it allows the maximum amount of drain current
swing between
I DSS IDSS and 0.
When ID = 2 , 2
I DSS VGS
= IDSS 1
2
VGS(off)
V
0.5 ½ = 1 GS
V
GS(off)
VGS(off)
VGS = 0.29VGS(off) =
3.4
From this VGS value, the required RS can be determined.
To set the drain voltage at midpoint i.e. , select a value of RD to produce the
desired voltage drop.
Choose RG arbitrarily large to prevent loading on the driving stage in a
Example V DD
Select resistor values for RD and RS for the circuit +12 V
below to set up an approximate midpoint bias. For this
particular JFET, the parameters are IDSS = 12 mA and
VGS(off) = −3 V. RD
Solution
For midpoint bias,
ID IDSS/2 = 6 mA
and
VGS VGS(off) / 3.4 = − 882 mV RG
RS
Then, 10 M
RS = |VGS/ID|
= 882 mV / 6 mA = 147 Ω
From
VD = VDD − IDRD,
RD = (12 V − 6 V) / 6 mA = 1 k
Graphical Analysis of a Self-Biased
JFET
• Find VGS at ID = 0,
VGS = −IDRS = (0)(470 Ω) = 0 V
ID = IDSS:
VGS = −IDRS
= −(10 mA)(470 Ω) = −4.7 V
• Draw a line (dc load line)
connecting the two
points. Wherever the
load line intersects the
characteristic curve,
we have the Q-point
of the circuit.
Voltage – Divider Bias
• The voltage at the source VS must be more
positive than the voltage at the gate VG in order to
keep the gate-to-source junction reverse biased.
• The source voltage is VS = ISRS. The voltage at
the gate is
R
V V 2
2
G DD
• Thus, R R1
VGS = VG − VS = VG − ISRS
Solution
ID = (VDD – VD)/RD
= (12 V – 7 V) / 3.3 kΩ = 1.52 mA
VS = IDRS
= (1.52 mA) (2.2 kΩ) = 3.34 V
VG = [R2/(R1 + R2)]VDD
= [(1 MΩ)/(7.8 MΩ)] 12 V = 1.54 V
VGS = VG – VS
= 1.54 V – 3.34 V = –1.8V
Graphical Analysis of a JFET with
Voltage-Divider Bias
• The approach is similar to that in self-bias. In this case,
however, when ID = 0, VGS is not zero because the voltage-
divider produces a voltage at the gate independent of the
drain current.
• For ID = 0,
VGS = VG
• The next point taken to determine the dc load line in at VGS
= 0,
VG
ID =
RS
Although VGS varies quite a bit for both self-bias and voltage-
divider bias, ID is much more stable with the voltage-divider bias.
• The center line in the circle represents the channel. The arrow, as usual,
points toward the n-type.
• An n-channel MOSFET operates in the depletion mode (similar to that of
JFET) when a negative gate-to-source voltage is applied.
• When a positive gate-to-source voltage is applied, the n-channel MOSFET
operates in the enhancement- mode.
• The D-MOSFET can operate both in the enhancement and depletion
modes.
Depletion Mode
• Negative voltage to the gate:
negative charges on the gate repel
the conduction electrons from the
channel, leaving the positive ions in
their place.
• That decreases the conductivity of
the channel.
• The greater the negative voltage on
the gate, the greater the depletion of
n-channel electrons.
• At a sufficiently large gate-to-source
voltage VGS(off), the channel is
completely depleted and ID becomes
zero.
• Just like the n-channel JFET, the n-
channel D-MOSFET conducts drain
current for gate-to-source voltages
between VGS(off) and zero.
Enhancement Mode
• In the enhancement mode, a
positive gate voltage applied to
the D-MOSFET effectively
widens the channel and reduces
its resistance.
Enhancement MOSFET
An E-MOSFET does not actually
have a channel. It depends on the
gate voltage to form a channel
between the source and drain
terminals.
MOSFET is:
V
2
IDK= V GS GS th
Solving for K:
I 500
mA
Don 2
K= mA/V
6
.
17
V
V
GS
GS
2
10
V
th1
V 2
Thus,
ID =
K VGSVGSth 2
= (6.17)(5 − 1) = 98.7 mA
2
Handling precautions!!
• The layer of SiO2 that insulates the gate from the channel is extremely thin and
can be easily destroyed by static electricity. Hence, extra precautions must be
made in handling MOSFETs.
• Since the gate of a MOSFET is insulated form the channel, the input resistance
is very high. The gate leakage current (IGSS) is in the pA range (compared to the
gate reverse current for a JFET which is in the nA range). An input capacitance
results from the insulated gate structure. Excess static charge can be
accumulated because of the combination of the input capacitance with the very
high input resistance (like a RC circuit). This can result in damaging the device.
Solution
The drain-to-source voltage is
VDS = VDD − IDSSRD
VDS = 18 V − (12 mA)(620 )
= 10.6 V
E-MOSFET Biasing
• Several of the biasing circuits used for
JFETs and D-MOSFETs cannot be used
to bias E-MOSFETs because the
enhancement mode of operation
requires a positive value of VGS.
2
GS DD
R R1
VDS = VDD − IDRD
where ID= KV
V
GS GSth
2
.
Example
Determine VGS and VDS for the E-MOSFET circuit in figure below.
Assume this particular MOSFET has minimum values of ID(on) =
200 mA at VGS = 4 V and VGS(th) = 2 V.
Solution
D
G
Vgs Vds
gmVgs rd
S
S
VDD
Example RD
IRD
Io
ID Vo
Ii D
G
Vi
S
RG
VGG
Ii Id Io
G D
IRD,ac
Vi RG gmVgs rd RD Vo
Zi
S Zo
Equivalent circuit that represents the relationship
Id = gmVgs.
Av = −gmRd
There are two cases that Av can change:
R2 2RS 1
, and
S
Let A = 2,
B= C = 1.
VGS(off ) VGS
(off) IDSS
Then we get
AID2 + BID + 1 = 0
and the solution is
ID = (20.2 mA, 0.54 mA)
With this value for the drain current, determine the value of the drain
voltage:
VD = VDD – IDRD
= 12 V – (0.5mA) (3.3 kΩ)
= 10.2 V
= 432.7 μS
Finally, the ac output is
Vout = AvVin = −gmRDVin
= − (433 μS)(3.3 kΩ)(100 mV)
= − 143 mVrms
• Note the enhancement mode is on the right of the vertical axis and
the depletion mode is on the left.
The dc analysis of this amplifier is somewhat easier than for a
JFET because ID = IDSS at VGS = 0. Since ID is known, the analysis
involves calculating only VD.
VD = VDD − IDRD
Rd = RD||RL = 32.9
2
GS DD
R R1
K from ID(on) and corresponding VGS
ID = K(VGS – VGS(th))2
2
GS DD
R R1
= (8.2 kΩ) / (55.2 kΩ) 15 V = 2.23 V
For VGS = 4 V, we get:
IDon
K=
VGSV th
GS
2