CCNA 1 - Week 02-Networking and Network Devices

CCNA 1: An Introduction to
Networking
Week 02, Units 2-3:
Networking &
Network Devices
(“Configuring a Network Operating
System & Network Protocols and
Communications”)
Networking & Network Devices
Learning Objectives
• List and describe the various types of network communications and

network addressing
• List and define the different types of networks
• Describe different network topologies
• List and describe network hardware
Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

2
What is a Network?
• According to Wikipedia, a network is:

– “…a collection of computers and devices connected
by communications channels that facilitates
communications among users and allows users to
share resources with other users.”
• In English please…
– A network is made up of computers, printers, other
devices, and some sort of media (cabling, wireless)
that allows all of these devices to communicate with
each other
3
Modern Network Example
• A site-to-site network with support for remote

users
(Public domain, 2013)

4
Why Networks?
• Share hardware –
– Printer, scanner, data storage devices
• Share software –
– Software installed on a server to reduce cost
• Share files –
– Images, spreadsheets, documents
• Communicate –
– E-mail, network phones, live chat, instant messaging

5
Networks Decrease Cost
• Printed documentation moved to a Web server

– No longer need to update physically. Can update Web
page and notify users of changes
• E-mail done electronically and replaces paper
documents
• Easier to keep device software current
– No need to physically visit each device to manage it
or upgrade software

6
Networks Serve Customers
• Documentation can be posted online in Web

pages and kept current by changing one
document
• Customers can chat or e-mail with customer
service reps
• Customer service reps have access to a
common network database containing solutions
to common customer requests or issues

7
How Devices Connect to a
Network
• Wired or wireless connections

• Network may be connected to the Internet
– An Internet connection requires the use of an ISP
– An intranet connection does not connect a device to
the Internet
• However, it may connect various offices together, regardless
of their location (Chicago to Portland) and not provide
Internet access

8
Wired vs. Wireless Networks
• Wired connections:
– Require NIC, copper cables, switch, router.
– Home routers also contain switch ports
• Wireless connections:
– Require wireless NIC, WAP, switch, router.
– Most routers contain a few switch ports
• Fiber connections:
– Require fiber NIC, fiber optic cables, switch, router.
– Most routers and switches do NOT contain fiber ports
and they can be costly to purchase
9
All About Speed
• Networks measure speed using the terms

bandwidth and throughput
– Bandwidth is the highest number of bits that can be
sent at any one time
– Throughput is the amount of bandwidth you can use
for actual network communications
• Example:
– Bandwidth on your cabled network is 100 Mbps
– Because of physical limitations and other required network
traffic, throughput may be approx. 70 Mbps

10
All About Speed (cont’d)
• Speed is influenced by the network media:

– Copper wire speed is commonly 100/1,000 Mbps
– Wireless speed is commonly 200+ Mbps
• The AC standard offers approx. 1,000+ Mbps speed!
– Fiber optic cable offers the same speeds as copper
wiring but can travel longer distances
Left: LC/PC
connectors.
Right: SC/PC Copper
connectors. wiring
All four connectors with RJ-
have white 45 jack
caps covering at end.
the ferrules.

11
Service Providers & You
• Internet Access Providers connect users to the

Internet
 Access to the Internet revolves around the use of
ISPs
 ISPs are organized as local, regional, and national
providers

12
IP Addressing Basics
• All Internet communication utilizes IP addressing

• The Internet expects each communicating
device (known as a host) to possess an Internet
Protocol (IP) address
• Two versions of IP exist in today’s networks:
• IP version 4 has been around for nearly 50 years and
is being replaced by IP version 6

13
IP Address Versions
• IP version 4 (IPv4):
• Consists of IP address and subnet mask:
 IP address: 192.168.10.1
 Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
 Means that this host is in the 192.168.10.x network
• IPv4 addresses all used up
• ISPs and governments now migrating to the
newer version of IP - IPv6
• Private networks will likely stick with IPv4 long
into the future
14
IP Address Versions (cont’d)
• IP version 6 (IPv6):
• Uses hexadecimal characters instead of decimal
numbers like IPv4:
– Valid characters are 0-9 and A-F (to represent numbers from
10 to 15)
– Referred to as Base 16 numbering system
• Consists of IP address and prefix number:
 IP address: fe80:0cd0:2414:dc09:e6f5:23b1:528f:7fe2
 Prefix: /23
 Means that this host has a local IP address

15
IPv4 Addressing Basics
• Given:
• IP address: 192.168.10.1
• Subnet mask: 255.255.255.0
• This network supports addresses in the range
of 192.168.10.1 through 192.168.10.254
• Networking devices and software use
192.168.10.0 and 192.168.10.255 for routing
and communication
• Valid numbers are in the range of 0-255
• Almost all network communication uses IP
addressing
16
LANs Use More Than IP
Addressing
• LAN communication uses IP and MAC

addressing
• The MAC (Media Access Control) address is
stamped on each installed NIC
• The MAC address is used by switches for
intranet communications and has no meaning
outside of that local network
• MAC addressing is used in all LAN communication

17
MAC Address Example
• Output from a desktop computer:

• Open Command Prompt and run “ipconfig /all”
command
• IPv4 address is the IP address assigned to this NIC
• Physical address is the NIC’s MAC address
MAC
add
res
s
IP
add
res (Public domain, 2013)
s
18
IP Address Types
• Some IP addresses can be purchased (or

leased) and used by the owner of that IP
address or IP address range
 Referred to as public IP addresses
 Most IP addresses are public addresses
• Other IP address can be used by anyone
• These are referred to as private IP addresses
 Examples include 10.0.0.0, 172.16.0.0, and 192.168.0.0
 Advanced IP addressing is beyond the scope of this unit

19
Network Types
• Wired or wireless network types
• Wired network governed by IEEE 802.3 standard
• Wireless network governed by IEEE 802.11 standard
• Easy to remember which standard governs which
technology:
• Take the “3” in 802.3 and flip it around so it looks like
an “E”. 802.3 sets the standard for Ethernet, which
usually applies to wired networks
• Take the “11” in 802.11 and hold up two fingers to
emulate the antennae on a WAP or wireless NIC

20
Local Area Networks - LANs
• Network with small geographical area of

coverage
• Term “small” is arbitrary!
• Usually one company with one site
• Wireless LAN called a WLAN
• LAN examples:
 Home
 Office
 Building
 Small school with three buildings
21
LAN Management - Workgroups
• Workgroup based:
• By default, uses
network name of
“WORKGROUP” on
all LAN devices
• Referred to as a
peer-to-peer
network since no
server exists to
manage the LAN

22
LAN Management – Server
Domains
• Server Domain based:
• Uses network name designated by network
administrators
• Requires a server to manage the domain, which is a
LAN under common administration
– Domain is similar to a gated community
• Only community members can use domain resources
– Community members are users and devices added to
domain by network administration
• Server acts as gatekeeper and keeps database of
users and devices
– Also enforces domain rules and much more!
23
Wide Area Networks - WANs
• Network with large geographical area of coverage
• Term “large” is arbitrary!
• WAN usually made up of > 1 LAN
• Same company, multiple sites
• May or may not have Internet access
• WAN examples:
• Offices in Chicago and London need to share servers
• Five Portland offices (same city) need to share files
• Intel, HP, and Microsoft need to collaborate on the
creation of a new product
– WAN facilitates inter-company communications

24
Metropolitan Area Networks - MANs
• Network with large area of coverage, but same
city
• Term “large” is arbitrary!
• MAN usually made up of > 1 LAN
• Same company, multiple physical sites
• Office connected by fiber-optic links or other high-
speed media
• May or may not have Internet access
• MAN examples:
• Company has many offices in same city
• Large college campus
25
Network Topologies
• Topology refers to network layout

• Two types of network topologies exist
• Physical topology details how the network is
physically designed
• Logical topology diagrams illustrate how data
flows through the network regardless of physical
design
• Some topologies represent both logical and
physical networks using the same name
26
Physical Topologies
Many physical topologies exist!

Main types are:

27
Physical Topologies - Bus
• Each host is connected to every other host via a

single network cable with connectors
• If cable breaks, whole network goes down!
• Not in use since late 1990s

28
Physical Topologies - Mesh
• Each host is connected to every other host,

usually by a switch or direct connection
• Some networks are partial – not full – mesh
topologies

29
Physical Topologies - Ring
• Each host is connected to the network in a closed loop
or ring
• Uncommon network type found in highly secure
environments
• Ring topologies typically utilize a token passing scheme,
used to control access to the network
• By utilizing this scheme, only one device can transmit on the
network at a time

30
Physical Topologies - Star
• Each network host is connected to a central
switch
• Most common topology type
• Easiest topology type to set up and maintain
• All traffic passes through the switch

31
Logical Topologies
• The logical topology, in contrast to the

"physical", is the way that the data passes
through the network from one device to the next
without regard to the physical interconnection of
the devices
• A network's logical topology is not necessarily
the same as its physical topology
• For example, twisted pair Ethernet is a logical bus
topology in a physical star topology layout

32
Network Standards and Protocols
• The Institute of Electrical and Electronics

Engineers or IEEE creates and publishes
networking and many other standards
• Standardization mean that products from various
vendors will work together via common protocols
• Protocols govern communications
• Example: You install an Intel NIC on your computer
and your friend installs an HP NIC on his computer.
Both computers can communicate flawlessly because
both NICs adhere to IEEE standards for network
communication
33
Standardized Communications
• Internet Protocols are a global standard,

ensuring interoperability between hardware and
software devices:
 Internet Protocol (IP) addressing is required for home
and office networks to function properly
 IP addressing allows any device with Internet access
to communicate with another device on the Internet
 TCP/IP transports HTTP across the Internet for
delivery to its destination
 Protocols such as HTTP allow any browser to talk to
any Web server
34
Network Standards
• Ethernet
• Token ring
• Wi-Fi
• WiMAX
• WAP (Wireless Application Protocol)
• RFID (Radio frequency Identification)
• Bluetooth

35
Ethernet Network Standard
• Concepts developed 1973-1975

• IEEE Standard 802.3
• Defines standards for wiring and signaling
• Standard defines frame formats, etc.
• Widely used today

36
Token Ring Network Standard
• Concepts developed in 1985
• IEEE 802.5 standard
• Named after its logical topology
• Physical topology is a star
• Devices connect to each other via a switch
• Communicating devices need to possess the
digital token that is passed around the ring
• Devices pass the token until they need to
communicate – then hold it until finished
• Mostly put out of business by Ethernet
• Ethernet much faster and easier to implement
37
Wi-Fi Network Standard
• Concepts evolved 1997 – today
• IEEE 802.11 standard for wireless LANs
• Family of wireless protocols
• 802.11 A/B/G//N/AC/AD
• Standard defines throughput, frame formats, etc.
• Uses frequencies (channels) for wireless
communication
• 802.11 A uses 5.0 GHz wireless band
• 802.11 B/G uses 2.4 GHz wireless band
• 802.11 N uses both bands
38
WiMAX Network Standard
• Concept developed ca. 2004

• IEEE 802.16 standard for WAN wireless
• Telecommunications protocol that provides fixed
and fully mobile internet access
• Example:
 WiMAX access was used to assist with
communications in Aceh, Indonesia, after the tsunami
in December 2004. WiMAX provided broadband
access that helped regenerate communication to and
from Aceh
39
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP)
• Open international standard for application-layer

network communications in a wireless-
communication environment
• Standard describes a protocol suite allowing the
interoperability of WAP equipment and software
with many different network technologies
• Concept developed ca. 1997
• Most use of WAP involves accessing the mobile
web from a mobile phone or tablet
40
Radio-Frequency Identification
(RFID)
• Use of an RFID tag incorporated into an object

using radio waves
• Most RFID tags contain at least two parts:
 Integrated circuit stores information
 Antennae for sending/receiving signals
• Many organizations govern standard
• International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
• International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC)
• Others
41
Bluetooth
• Concept developed ca. 1994 to present.
• IEEE 802.15 standard
• Open wireless standard for exchanging data
over short distances from fixed and mobile
devices
• Used by medical implants, keyboard, mouse
A Bluetooth
USB
dongle.

42
Network Hardware
• Common components are:

 Networked devices
 NIC (wired and wireless)
 Switch
 Router
 ISP device
 Server
 Surge protector
 Uninterruptable Power System (UPS)

43
Network Hardware - Networked
devices
• Computers / Laptops with:

• Network-enabled operating system (OS)
• NIC to connect to switch/router
• Cabling for wired network

44
Network Hardware - NICs
• Required for network communication

• Hardware uses OS services to communicate on
network
• Wired – requires cabling, jacks, switch/router
• Wireless – requires WAP and some wired device
to communicate with wired devices
54 Mbps Wireless
Vintage 10 Mbps LAN PCI
Ethernet NIC Card
for wired (802.11g).
network.

45
Network Hardware – Switch
• Very important network component

• Devices plug into switch to communicate with
each other
• Switch plugs into ISP device to provide Internet
access
Image shows a 5-port Atlantis Ethernet switch.
If this switch connects to an ISP device, with

five ports it could also accommodate a
printer and three other devices.
One of the devices could be a WAP, which

would allow wired and wireless clients to
communicate with each other.

46
Network Hardware - Router
• Network boundary defined by IP address and
subnet mask numbers
• Router connects different IP networks so they
can communicate with each other
• Routers can be wired or wireless
• ISP devices are routers
Image shows a Cisco Linksys WRT54GL

wireless router typically found in a
SOHO (small office, home office)
network.
The blue Ethernet cable extending out of

its rear, to the right, connects this
device to the wired network.

47
Routed Network Example
Server
Router
Small Office / Home Office


48
Network Hardware – ISP Device
• Connects SOHO and Office networks to Internet
• Can lease from ISP with Internet service
• Sometimes available for purchase too
• Usually has one Internet port to connect to a wall
port
• Usually has one switch port to connect one
device using Ethernet cable
• Can use that port to connect to a switch, which can
connect to other devices or other switches to extend
network
• All devices then share the one Internet connection
49
ISP Device Examples
• The image on the left shows

a Motorola cable modem.
This router uses the ISP’s
coaxial cable to provide
Internet connectivity
• The image on the right shows
a wireless D-Link (Public domain, 2013)
router/modem used as a
residential DSL gateway. This
router uses the ISP’s
Ethernet cable to provide
Internet connectivity

50
Network Hardware - Server
• Computer with specialized OS installed:
• Windows Server
• Ubuntu Server
• SUSE Linux Enterprise Server (SLES)
• Creates ‘gated community’ of devices and users.
• Server maintains database of objects, restricts access
to authorized devices/users, and manages them
• Can provide various functions:
 Domain  DHCP server  Certificate
controller  DNS server server
 Print server  File server  NAP server
51
Network Hardware - UPS
• Uninterruptible power supply (UPS) provides

emergency power to attached devices when
power fails
• Short battery power time (5-30 min.) depending
on attached devices
• Computer and monitor – portable unit okay.
• Whole building – need large (site) solution
• Never plug laser printer into UPS
• Due to power requirements, will instantly drain
available UPS battery power
52
Network Hardware – Surge
Protector
• Protects devices from spikes in power usually
originating with the power company
• Some power strips are also surge protectors – need
to carefully read product information to differentiate
• Devices need to be plugged in to gain protection
• Power surge can destroy a devices circuitry
• Protection measured in Joules
• Joules define how much electricity the surge protector
can absorb without failure
• Should consult electrician to protect hardware

53
Surge Protector & UPS Examples

54
Summary – Units 2-3
• The Internet relies on IP addressing to function
• Computers connect to the Internet through the services
provided by ISPs
• ISPs provide access to the Internet via dial-up,
broadband, Wi-Fi, satellite, and 3G connections
• Network hardware includes NICs, servers, switches, and
routers
Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking 55

References – Units 2-3
References
• Odem, W. Cisco CCENT/CCNA ICND1 Academic Edition. 1st ed. Indianapolis: Cisco Press; 2013.
• Odem, W. Cisco CCENT/CCNA ICND1 100-101. 1st ed. Indianapolis: Cisco Press; 2013.
• Odem, W. Cisco CCNA ICND2 200-101. 1st ed. Indianapolis: Cisco Press; 2013.
• Dean, T. Network+ Guide to Networks. 6th ed. Boston. Course Technology; 2012.
• CCNA Topic: How to connect your PC to your Cisco Router. YouTube. 2009 November 19; [cited 25 June 2013];
Available from: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ajy2wFJsp-k.
• Wikipedia. MAC Address. [Internet]. 2013 Jun 12 [cited 2013 Jun 25]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MAC_address.
• Wikipedia. Computer network. [Internet].2013 Jun 25 [cited 2013 Jun 25]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network.
• Wikipedia. Local area network. [Internet].2013 Jun 18 [cited 2013 Jun 25]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network.
• Wikipedia. Metropolitan area networks. [Internet].2013 Jun 13 [cited 2013 Jun 25]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metropolitan_area_network.
• Wikipedia. Network topology. [Internet].2013 Jun 26 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology.
• Wikipedia. Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. [Internet]. 2013 Jun 26 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available
from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE.

References
• Wikipedia. Communications protocol. [Internet].2013 Jun 23 [cited 2013 Jun 25]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_protocol.
• Wikipedia. Ethernet. [Internet].2013 Jun 22 [cited 2013 Jun 25]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet.
• Wikipedia. IEEE 802.11. [Internet].2013 Jun 20 [cited 2013 Jun 25]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_802.11.
• Wikipedia. Wi-Fi. [Internet].2013 Jun 21 [cited 2013 Jun 25]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi.
• Wikipedia. WiMAX. [Internet].2013 Jun 25 [cited 2013 Jun 25]. Available from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-max.
• Wikipedia. Wireless Application Protocol. [Internet].2013 Jun 18 [cited 2013 Jun 25]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol.
• Wikipedia. Radio-frequency identification. [Internet].2013 Jun 24 [cited 2013 Jun 25]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RFID.
• Wikipedia. Wireless LAN. [Internet]. 2013 Jun 19 [cited 2013 June 25]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_LAN.
• Wikipedia. Network switch. [Internet]. 2013 Jun 24 [cited 2013 Jun 25]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch.
• Wikipedia. Surge protector. [Internet]. 2013 Jun 08 [cited 2013 June 25]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Surge_protector.
• Wikipedia. Uninterruptible power supply. [Internet]. 2013 Jun 21 [cited 2013 June 25]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uninterruptible_power_supply.

• Images
• Slide 4: Site-to-site Network Topology [image on the Internet]. c2010 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Virtual_Private_Network_overview.svg.
• Slide 11: Fiber Optic Connectors [image on the Internet]. c2005 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber_cable.
• Slide 11: RJ-45 Jack Connector [image on the Internet]. c2005 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet_over_twisted_pair.
• Slide 12: Tier 1 and 2 ISP Interconnections [image on the Internet]. c2010 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Internet_Connectivity_Distribution_%26_Core.svg.
• Slide 27: Physical Topologies [image on the Internet]. C2011 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available from:
• Slide 28: Bus Topologies [image on the Internet]. C2008 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available from:
• Slide 29: Mesh Topologies [image on the Internet]. c2006 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available from:
• Slide 30: Ring Topologies [image on the Internet]. c2008 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available from:
• Slide 42: Bluetooth USB Dongle [image on the Internet]. c2009 Jun 21 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth.

• Images
• Slide 45: Network Interface Card [image on the Internet]. c2005 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_interface_card.
• Slide 45: Wireless Interface Card [image on the Internet]. c2007 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:WLAN_PCI_Card_cleaned.png.
• Slide 46: Network Switch [image on the Internet]. c2007 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Ethernet_switch_Atlantis_A02-F5P_5_ports_backend.jpg.
• Slide 47: Cisco Linksys Wireless Router [image on the Internet]. c2008 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Linksys_WRT54GL.jpg.
• Slide 48: SOHO Wireless Network [image on the Internet]. c2006 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SPOF.png.
• Slide 50: Motorola Cable Modem Router [image on the Internet]. c2010 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_modem.
• Slide 50: D-Link Wireless Router [image on the Internet]. c2007 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wirelessadsl2%2Brouter.dlink.dslg684t.JPG.
• Slide 54: Large UPS Device [image on the Internet]. c2008 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:500kVA-UPS.jpg.
• Slide 54: Small UPS Device [image on the Internet]. c2006 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:UPSRearView.jpg.
• Slide 54: Multi-outlet Surge Protector [image on the Internet]. c2004 [cited 2013 Jun 26]. Available from:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Surge_protector.jpg.

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CCNA 1: An Introduction to

• List and describe the various types of network communications and

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• According to Wikipedia, a network is:

• A site-to-site network with support for remote

(Public domain, 2013)

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• Printed documentation moved to a Web server

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• Documentation can be posted online in Web

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• Wired or wireless connections

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• Networks measure speed using the terms

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• Speed is influenced by the network media:

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• Internet Access Providers connect users to the

(Public domain, 2013)

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• All Internet communication utilizes IP addressing

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• LAN communication uses IP and MAC

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• Output from a desktop computer:

• Some IP addresses can be purchased (or

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• Network with small geographical area of

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• Topology refers to network layout

Many physical topologies exist!

(Public domain, 2013)

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• Each host is connected to every other host via a

(Public domain, 2013)

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• Each host is connected to every other host,

(Public domain, 2013)

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

(Public domain, 2013)

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

(Public domain, 2013)

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• The logical topology, in contrast to the

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• The Institute of Electrical and Electronics

• Internet Protocols are a global standard,

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• Concepts developed 1973-1975

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• Concept developed ca. 2004

• Open international standard for application-layer

• Use of an RFID tag incorporated into an object

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• Common components are:

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• Computers / Laptops with:

Version 1.0/Spring 2013 CCNA 1 – An Introduction to Networking

• Required for network communication