Site Selection and Site

Investigation for Infrastructure

Development
Course 3
Infrastructure planning and management
 How to plan a site Investigation
 All of infrastructure development need a suitable planning &
feasibility study: engineering and economic, and
environmental
 Site selection and site investigation play important role in the
engineering and economic analysis and planning of
infrastructure
 The three important step of site selection and site
investigation are planning, execution and report writing.
 How to plan a site selection and
Site Investigation
Principle: To minimize cost of data collecting, but yet give
reliable data.
 Understanding of infrastructure type and its key parameter:
harbor, highway, dam, airfield, power plant, tunnel etc.
 Decide on quantity and quality depending on type, size
and importance of project and whether investigation is
preliminary or detailed.
 Decide type of data that must be prepared (secondary,
primary, free or costly)
 Where we can find the data
 Method of data acquisition
Infrastructure and Its Key Parameter
 What kind of Data for Site Selection and
Site Investigation
Attempt at understanding the surface conditions such as:
 Climate (air temperature, rainfall, wind direction and
speed, etc.)
 Topography or / and bathymetry
 Land use existing and planning  aerial photograph,
landsat, etc
 Soil maps, etc.
 Environment (landscape, ecosystem, nature
conservation area, etc)
 Social Economic and Culture
 The Project

West Tunnel East Tunnel

4 miles / 7.5 KM 6.5 miles / 10 KM
Single level Two-level
Light vehicles & trucks Uni-directional
Light vehicles only
Year to Open:
2008-2009
 What kind of Data for Site Selection and
Site Investigation
 Attempt at understanding the subsurface conditions such as:
 Seismicity and hazard map
 Geological features of the region
 Soil and rock profile
 Physical properties of soil and rock
 Position and variation of ground water table
 Contamination, if any
 How to report writing for Site
Selection and Site Investigation
 Description of site conditions – topographic features,
hydraulic conditions, existing structures, etc. supplemented
by plans/drawings.
 Description of nature, type and importance of proposed
construction
 Description of field and lab tests carried out.
 Analysis and discussion of data collected
 Preparation of charts, tables, graphs, etc.
 Calculations performed
 Recommendations
Geotechnical Site
Investigation
Learning Tower of Pisa
and Sinkholes
 The Aim of Geotechnical Site
Investigation
 To determine the type of foundation required for the
proposed project at the site, i.e. shallow foundation or
deep foundation.
 To make recommendations regarding the safe bearing
capacity or pile load capacity.
 Ultimately, it is the subsoil that provides the ultimate support
for the structures.
Geotechnical Site Investigation
 Geotechnical Site Investigation
A complete site investigation will consist of:
 Preliminary work
Collecting general information and already existing
data such as study of geologic , seismic maps, etc.
at or near site.
Study site history – if previously used as quarry,
agricultural land, industrial unit, etc.
 Site Reconnaissance: Actual site inspection.
To judge general suitability
Decide exploration techniques
 Geotechnical Site Investigation
 Exploration
 Preliminary Investigations: Exploratory borings or shallow
test pits, representative sampling, geophysical
investigations, etc.
 Detailed Investigations: Deep boreholes, extensive
sampling, in-situ testing, lab testing, etc.
 Depth and spacing: In general, depth of investigation
should be such that any/all strata that are likely to
experience settlement or failure due to loading. Spacing
depends upon degree of variation of surface
topography and subsurface strata in horizontal direction.
 Geotechnical Site Investigation
 Execution:
 Collection of disturbed and/or
undisturbed samples of
subsurface strata from field.
 Conducting in-situ tests of
subsurface material and
obtaining properties directly
or indirectly.
 Study of ground water
conditions and collection of
sample for chemical analysis.
 Geophysical exploration, if
necessary.
 Laboratory testing on samples
 Methods of Investigation
 Test pits:
 Permits visual inspection
of subsurface conditions
in natural state.
 Max. depth limited to 18
-20 feet.
 Especially useful for
gravelly soil where
boreholes may be
difficult.
 Sampling/testing done
on exposed surfaces.
Hand operated
augers

Power driven augers

Drillling
Log Lithologi
Logging Geophysic
 Geoelectric
 Geolistrik adalah salah satu
metode dalam geofisika
yang mempelajari sifat aliran
listrik di kerak bumi.
Pendeteksian di atas
permukaan meliputi
pengukuran medan
potensial, arus, dan
elektromagnetik yang terjadi
baik secara alamiah maupun
akibat penginjeksian arus
listrik ke bawah permukaan.
Metode geolistrik yang
terkenal antara lain: metode
potensial diri (SP), arus telluric,
magnetotelluric, IP (induced
polarization), dan resistivitas
(hambatan jenis).
Hasil dan Interpretasi Geolistrik Resistivity

0
soil
2.5
sandstone
5.1

clayey sandstone
12.8

sandstone

26.3

limestone

186

kristaline
limestone
Geoelectric Resistivity
Hasil dan Interpretasi Geolistrik Resistivity
 Geoseismic
 A seismic wave is an elastic
wave generated by an
impulse such as an earthquake
or an explosion. Seismic waves
may travel either along or near
the earth's surface (Rayleigh
and Love waves) or through
the earth's interior (P and S
waves).
 The seismic reflection method
works by bouncing sound
waves off boundaries between
different types of rock.
 The seismic refraction method
is used for determining the
subsurface seismic velocity
profile along a survey line.
Geoseismic
Geoseismic
 Georadar

 Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a

high-frequency electromagnetic
method.
 A GPR system radiates short pulses of
high-frequency EM energy into the
ground from a transmitting antenna. This
EM wave propagates into the ground at
a velocity that is related to the electrical
properties of subsurface materials
(specifically, the materials relative
dielectric permittivity).
 Depth penetration is a function of
antenna frequency and the electrical
conductivity of the soils in the survey
area. Lower frequency antennas achieve
greater depth penetration than higher
frequency antennas, but have poorer
spatial resolution.
Georadar / elektromagnetic
Georadar / elektromagnetic

Figure 4. Schematic
representasion of
fractured bedrock
characterization
using (a) 2D surface
GPR; (b) 2D single
borehole GPR; and
(c) high resolution
3D surface GPR.
Georadar / elektromagnetic
 Engineering properties of rock
and its laboratory testing (1)

1. Sifat Fisik Batuan (index properties of rock)

 Kadar Air
 Berat Isi dan berat jenis batuan (specific gravity)
 Porositas dan permeabilitas
 Mineralogi / petrography
2. Sifat Mekanis Batuan
 Uji Kuat Tekan Bebas (point load cell, plate load cell)
 Uji Triaxial
 Engineering properties of soil
and its laboratory testing (2)

2. Sifat Mekanis Tanah

 Uji Kuat Tekan Bebas
 Uji Kuat Geser Langsung
 Uji Triaxial
3. Sifat Hidraulis Tanah (Permeabilitas)
 Tinggi tetap (constant head)
 Tinggi jatuh (falling head)
 Triaxial permeability test
 Uji konsolidasi
 Engineering properties of soil
and its laboratory testing (3)

4. Sifat Pemadatan dan CBR

 Uji Pemadatan Standard
 Uji CBR
 Uji pemadatan di lapangan / Sand cone
5. Sifat Konsolidasi
 Uji Konsolidasi
6. Komposisi mineral, kimia dan sifat mineralogi
• X-Ray Difraction
• Kapasitas tukar ion
Penggambaran Hasil Penyelidikan
Lapangan dan Laboratorium