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Data Encoding
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Data Encoding
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Data Encoding
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Data Encoding
Polar Bipolar
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1. Digital Data, Digital Signals (Continued):
Advantages of NRZ:
– The NRZ codes are simple and make efficient use of
bandwidth.
Disadvantages of NRZ:
– Lack of synchronization capability. Consider a long
string of 1’s or 0’s for NRZ-L, or a long string of 0’s for
NRZI, the output is a constant voltage over a long
period of time.
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1. Digital Data, Digital Signals (Continued):
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1. Digital Data, Digital Signals (Continued):
Advantages of Bipolar-AMI or Pseudoternary:
– No loss of synchronization if long string of binary
1’s occurs in the case of AMI or 0’s in the case of
Pseudoternary.
– The pulse alternation property provides a simple
means of error detection.
Disadvantages of Bipolar-AMI or Pseudoternary:
– Long string of binary 0’s in the case of AMI or 1’s in
the case of Pseudoternary still present a problem.
– Multilevel binary signal requires approximately 3 dB
more signal power than a two-valued signal for the
same probability of bit error.
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1. Digital Data, Digital Signals (Continued):
VI. Differential Manchester Encoding:
There is a transition at the middle of each bit period.
The mid-bit transition is used only to provide clocking.
A binary 0 is represented by the presence of a transition at
the beginning of a bit period, and a binary 1 is represented
by the absence of a transition at the beginning of a bit
period
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1. Digital Data, Digital Signals
(Continued):
Advantages of Manchester and Differential Manchester Encoding:
– Synchronization: Because this is a transition at the middle
of each bit period.
– Error Detection: The absence of the expected transition
can be used to detect errors.
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Data Encoding
0 (all 0’s or
NRZ-L 1.0 1.0
1’s)
NRZI 0 (all 0’s) 0.5 1.0 (al1’s)
Bipolar-AMI 0 (all 0’s) 1.0 1.0
Pseudoternary 0 (all 1’s) 1.0 1.0
1.0 (101010
Manchester 1.0 2.0 (all 0’s or 1’s)
…)
Differential
1.0 (all 1’s) 1.5 2.0 (all 0’s)
Manchester
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Polarity of Polarity of
previous bit previous bit
+ 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
+ 0 0 0 + - 0 - + - 0 0 0 - + 0 + -
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VIII. HDB3(Continued):
The following table shows the HDB3 substitution rules:
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VIII. HDB3(Continued):
+ 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0
+ 0 0 0 + - 0 0 0 -
+ 0 0 0 0 - 0 0 0 0
+ - 0 0 - - + 0 0 +
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Definitions
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Encoding Techniques:
There are three basic encoding or modulation
techniques for transforming digital data into analog
signals:
– Amplitude-Shift Keying (ASK).
– Frequency-Shift Keying (FSK).
– Phase-Shift Keying (PSK).
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2. Digital Data,
Analog Signals:
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Digital/analog Encoding
QAM
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2. Digital Data,
Analog Signals:
I. Amplitude-Shift Keying:
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1 1
v ASK (t ) cos wct {cos( wc w0 )t cos( wc w0 )t
2
1 1
cos( wc 3w0 )t cos( wc 3w0 )t
3 3
1 1
cos( wc 5w0 )t cos( wc 5w0 )t ...}
5 5
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2. Digital Data,
Analog Signals:
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2. Digital Data,
Analog Signals:
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Definitions
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Tribit Phase
8-PSK: 000 0
001 45
010 90
011 135
100 180
101 225
110 270
111 315
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2. Digital Data, Analog Signals (MODEMS):
A modem converts the digital signal generated by the
computer into an analog signal to be carried by a public
phone line. It is also converts the analog signals
receiver over a phone line into digital signals usable by
the computer.
The term modem is composite word that refers to a
signal modulator and a signal demodulator.
A modulator treats a digital signal as a series of 1s and
0s, and so can transform it into an analog signal by
using the digital-to-analog mechanisms of ASK, FSK,
PSK, and QAM.
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3. Analog Data,
Digital Signals:
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