Materi Kuliah - Agent Based Model I

…Physics of Complex Systems…
Agent Based Model I
“Introduction, Definition & Rules”

System and Sub-System…
Sub-System
Sub-system
System Sub-system
Boundary
Interaction/Network
Complex Systems Modeling…
Top-down approach
The phenomenon is expressed as a
numerical model and simulated by
using differential equations or
queuing. Such calculations
are based mainly on numerical
analysis.
Bottom-up approach
The phenomenon is expressed as a
complex system and simulated
through local interaction between
elements of the system.
Agent Based Model (1)…
Agent Based Model is a

computational methodology that
allows us to create, analyze, and
experiment with, artificial real
system populated by agents or sub-
system that interact in non-trivial
ways. It is a simulation modeling
technique where a system is
modeled as a collection of agents or
sub-system and the relationships
between them.
Agent Based Model (2)…
It is a simulation modeling
technique where a system is
modeled as a collection of
agents or sub-system and the
relationships between them.
Agents individually asses its
situation in the environment
and make decisions on the
basis of a set of rules.
Example…
Why Agent Based Model…
• Captures Emergent Phenomena
• As the components of a system interact with each other, and

influence each other through these interactions, the system as a
whole exhibits emergent behavior
• This characteristic makes the output of a system difficult to

understand and predict
Defining Agent Based Model…
• The system consists of multiple elements (referred to as agents),

forming a multi-agent system.
• The behavior of individual agents is determined by simple rules.
• The rules pertaining to an individual agent describe its behavior

in response to local events in its environment, such as
encounters with other agents.
• There are no rules that determine the behavior of the system as

a whole.
Area of Application…
Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Economy, Sociology,

Archaeology, Ecology, Linguistics, Political Sciences,
and many more…
Agent Based Simulation Software: NetLogo…
https://ccl.northwestern.edu/netlogo/download.shtml
Opinion Dynamics Modeling (1)…
Consider an agent is represented by the following state:
 i  xi   yi   zi  with 0  xi , yi , zi  1
where  ,  , denote the agent attributes and:
 i  j  xi x j  yi y j  zi z j   ij
determines the strength of connectivity between two agents.

Rule 1  0  0 (No Connection)


 ij   0  1.5  1 (Weak Connection)
1.5  3  2 (Strong Connection)

Rule 2 Assuming that each agent has a degree of opinion denoted by:
Ai
Rule 3  N   N 
   ij A j     ij rj 
Ai  k1  N  Ai   Ai rj  k 2  N  ri   ri
j i j i
   
  ij      ij 
 j i   j i 
ri  xi , yi , zi 
where  1  k1  1 denotes the Opinion Perception Index (OPI)
 1  k2  1 denotes the Connection Perception Index (OPI)

Rule 4
 0  Ai  0.2  1
0.2  A  0.4  2
 i
Ai  LO  0.4  Ai  0.6  3 Level of Opinion

(LO)
0.6  A  0.8  4
 i
 0.8  Ai  1.0  5
Characterization: Shannon Entropy
S   pk log pk
k
S Total Shannon Entropy
Nk
pk  N k  Number of agents with LO k
 Nk
Opinion Dynamics Modeling (5): Result…
Prey-Predator Dynamics Modeling…
Rules:
1. There are four types of agents: Male and female predators, Male and
female preys.
2. They move randomly
3. Number of prey and predator are growing due to reproduction process.
4. Predator predates prey.
5. Predators can die if not predate prey for certain period or surrounded
by three or more preys.
Prey Predator Modeling: Result (1)…
Prey-Predator Modeling: Result (2)…
Growing Network Modeling…
Rules:
1. All agents move randomly
2. If two agents close to each other generate a new agent and all of them
are connected.
3. The connected agents cannot generate new agent.

Growing Network Modeling: Result…

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…Physics of Complex Systems…

Agent Based Model I

“Introduction, Definition & Rules”

Agent Based Model is a

• Captures Emergent Phenomena

• As the components of a system interact with each other, and

• This characteristic makes the output of a system difficult to

• The system consists of multiple elements (referred to as agents),

• The behavior of individual agents is determined by simple rules.

• The rules pertaining to an individual agent describe its behavior

• There are no rules that determine the behavior of the system as

Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Economy, Sociology,

Consider an agent is represented by the following state:

where  ,  , denote the agent attributes and:

determines the strength of connectivity between two agents.

Rule 1  0  0 (No Connection)

where  1  k1  1 denotes the Opinion Perception Index (OPI)

 1  k2  1 denotes the Connection Perception Index (OPI)

Ai  LO  0.4  Ai  0.6  3 Level of Opinion

Characterization: Shannon Entropy

S Total Shannon Entropy

2. They move randomly

3. Number of prey and predator are growing due to reproduction process.

4. Predator predates prey.

1. All agents move randomly

3. The connected agents cannot generate new agent.

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