Electrical Measurements &

Instruments
Classification of Instruments
With respect to accuracy
•Primary
•Secondary
With respect to circuitry
•Analogue
•Digital
 Comparison of Analogue and Digital
Instruments
• Analogue: • Digital:
• Continuous Signal • Discrete Signal
• Electro Mechanical • Solid State
Components Components
• Circuit is simple • Circuit is complex
• Mechanical Display • Digital Display
• Less Accurate • More Accurate
• Cheap for Moderate • Costly for Moderate
Accuracy Accuracy
• Costly for Max. Accuracy • Cheap for Max. Accuracy
•
 Comparison continued
Analogue
• Parallax Error
• Zero Error
• Positional Error
• Reading Wrong Scales
• Operation under wide range
of Environment
• Circuit is loaded
• No Separate Power Supply
required
Digital
• No Parallax Error
• No Zero Error
• No Positional Error
• No Wrong Scale Error
• More effect of Environment
• Draws Negligible Power
• Separate Power Supply
Required
 Classification of Analogue Instruments
Indicating : Measures Instantaneous value
Recording : Gives continuous record
Integrating : Measures Total Value
Principles of Operation of Analogue Instruments :
Electromagnetic: Moving Iron, Measures A/C, D/C, V&I
Moving Coil:
a. Permanent Magnet Moving Coil, measures D/C V&I
b. Rectifier Instruments, measure A/C, V&I
c. Electrodynamic Inst: measures A/C & D/C Power

Electrostatic : Volt Meter for High voltage Measurement

Induction : Kwh, KVARH Meters
 Measurement of Power in Single Phase Circuit
Single Phase Wattmeter Induction type or
Electrodynamic type
Measurement of Power in 3/Phase Circuit
•One wattmeter method for balanced 3/Phase 4
wire circuit. Total Power P=3W
•One wattmeter method for balanced 3/Phase
3 wire circuit. Total Power P=W1+W2
•Two Wattmeter method for balanced 3/Phase
3 wire circuit. Total Power P=W1+W2
•Three wattmeter method for balanced or
unbalanced 3/Phase 4 wire circuit.
 Measurement of Reactive Power

•Modified wattmeter
•In 3/Phase system, utilizing the vector
relationships to produce 90 ° phase shift to
read var.
 Energy Meter
Operating Principle of Electromechanical is
Electromagnetic Induction.
The deflecting torque is produced on Pivoted disc
by means of the interaction of two alternating
fluxes and the currents that they induce in the
disc.
Operating Principle of Static Energy Meter.
Voltage & Current act on solid state electronic
elements to produce output proportional to the
energy to be measured.
Parts of Electromechanical Energy Meter
Upper Electromagnetic System: Voltage Operated
Lower Electromagnetic System: Current Operated
Potential Coil: Thin Wire, many turns
Current Coil: Thick wire, fewer turns
Aluminum disc: supported on vertical spindle.
Permanent Magnet:
A Gear Mechanism:
Compensating Devices:
Meter Case and Terminal Box:
 Parts of Static Energy Meters
Voltage Sensor: Resistive Potential Dividers.
Current Sensor: Precision Current Transformers
Analogue to Digital Converter: (A/D)
Digital Signal Processor: (DSP)
Microcontroller Unit: (MCU)
EEPROM: (Nonvolatile Memory)
Display: (LCD)
Pulse Counter:
Optical Communication Port:
Real Time Clock:
Battery: 3.6 Volt lithium
 Basic Current (Ib)
Value of current in accordance with which the relevant
performance of the meter is fixed.
Rated Maximum current (I max)
Highest value of current for which the meter must be
accurate.
Meter Constant:
Value expressing the relations between the energy
registered by the meter and the corresponding value
of the test output. If this value is a number of pulses,
the constant should be either pulses per kilowatt
(imp/kWh) or watt hours per pulse (Wh/imp).
 Types of Energy Meters
Different of types of meters are being used
depending upon nature of load and requirement of
tariff.
1. Direct kWh meter
2. C.T. operated kWh meter
3. Maximum demand indicator kWh meters.
4. KVARH meters.
5. CT & PT operated kWh meters.
6. T.O.D/kWh meters.