Institute of Engineering

Thapathali Campus
Elective I: Heating Ventilation and Air
Conditioning
Lecture I

2017 Dec
HEATING VENTILATING AND AIR CONDITIONING EG ……ME

Lectures: 3 Tutorial: 1
Year: IV Part: I

COURSE OBJECTIVES:

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1. To understand the properties of air and the psychrometric processes that

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Heating Ventilation and air
takes place in various Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Systems
2. To become familiar with Vapor compression, Vapor absorption and Air
refrigeration and Air Conditioning systems
3. To understand the basic issues involved with Human comfort with respect
to thermal surroundings.
4. To understand the basic structure, and operation of major components
used in HVAC systems
5. To develop understanding of HVAC system design principles
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COURSE OUTLINES:
1. Basic Refrigeration systems review: (5 hours)

1.1 Vapor compression cycle fundamentals

1.2 Vapor absorption system.
1.3 Air refrigeration system

2. Revision of Psychrometrics, and Psychrometric Processes (6 hours)

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2.1 Properties of Air
2.2 Psychrometric relationships
2.3 Adiabatic Saturation Processes
2.4 Psychrometer, Anemometer

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2.5 Psychrometric Chart
2.6 Sensible Heating and Cooling.
2.7 Cooling and Dehumidification
2.8 Adiabatic humidification
2.9 Adiabatic Chemical Dehumidification
2.10 Humidification by Steam Injection
2.11 Heating and Dehumidification
2.12 Mixing of Air Streams
2.13 Numerical examples on Psychrometric processes involving different processes and/or their combinations

3 Human comfort and Air Conditioning requirements (2 hours)

3.1 Thermodynamics of Human body

3.2 Effective Temperature
3.3 Factors governing Effective Temperature
3.4 Acceptable Indoor Air quality 3
4 Vapor Compression Air Conditioning Systems (6 hours)

4.1 Construction uses and operations of the following Components

4.1.1 Different types of Compressors
4.1.2 Evaporators
4.1.3 Condensers
4.1.4 Expansion devices
4.1.5 Pressure cutouts
4.1.6 Thermostats
4.1.7 Humidistat

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4.1.8 Cooling towers
4.1.9 Flow control valves
4.2 Air cooled air conditioning machines including automobile air conditioning system
4.3 Water cooled air conditioning systems
4.4 Central air conditioning system with air cooled chiller, AHUs and FCUs

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4.5 Water balancing
4.6 Direct expansion (DX) systems
4.8 Principles of VRV system
4.7 Variable Refrigerant Volume type of Air Conditioning system
4.7.1 Construction and operation of VRV system
4.7.2 Different types of Indoor units and their application

5 Solar Heating system fundamentals (6 hours)

5.1 Passive solar systems
5.2 Solar Floor Heating Systems
5.3 Characteristics of solar Floor Heating Systems

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6 Air Conveying Systems & Ventilation (6 hours)
6.1 Fans, and types of Fans; Centrifugal, Axial, Inline
6.2 Fan laws and velocity triangles for moving blades of centrifugal fans
6.3 Fan and System characteristics
6.4 Related Numerical examples
6.5 Ducts and related standards
6.6 Diffusers, Grills
6.7 Air Filters

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7 Measuring instruments (4
hours)

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7.1 Air flow measurement instruments

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7.2 Temperature measuring instruments
7.3 Pressure measurement instruments
7.4 Relative humidity measurement instruments

8 Introduction to Air Conditioning System Design (10

hours)
8.1 Cooling load determination & CLTD method
8.2 Heating load determination
8.3 Plotting of Air Conditioning processes in Psychrometric chart and related numerical
examples
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REFERNCE BOOKS:
1. R. K. Rajput, A Text Book of Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, S.
K Kataria & Sons publication, New Delhi, India.
2. S. C. Arora & S. Domkundwar, A Course in Refrigeration and Air

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Conditioning, Dhanpar Rai & Sons
Publication, New Delhi, India.
3. Andrew D. Althouse, Carl H. Thrnouist, and Alfred F. Bracciano,

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Modern Refrigeration and Air
Conditioning, Galgotia Publication, New Delhi, India.
4. Carrier Air Conditioning Company, Handbook of Air Conditioning
System design.
5. C. P. Arora, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning, Tata McGraw Hill,
India.,
6. ASHRAE Handbooks on Fundamentals and HVAC Applications,
American Society of Heating Refrigerating and Air Conditioning
Engineers, Tullie Circle, Atlanta, USA
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Marking Scheme
• Final Exam : 80 marks
• Internal Assesment : 20 marks

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• Assessment I (Probably at Mid of magh) : 6 marks
• Assessment II : 6 marks

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• Attendance : 4 marks
• Assignment Submission : 4 marks
• Practical : 25 marks

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1. Basic Refrigeration systems review:
(5 hours)

1.1 Vapor compression cycle fundamentals

1.2 Vapor absorption system.

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1.3 Air refrigeration system

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1.1 Vapor Compression Cycle
Fundamentals
• Most important system from practical view point of
commercial and domestic utility

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• Most practical form of refrigeration
• Working fluid is vapor; readily condenses and evaporates

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alternatively between liquid and vapor within the refrigerating
plant
• The principle applies to all the vapor for which tables of
thermodynamic properties are available

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Processes of Vapor compression
cycle
• Compression
• Condensation

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• Expansion
• Evaporation(Vaporization)

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 Expansion Valve
Evaporator

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Flow
Direction

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Compressor

Receiver Tank
Condenser

Figure: Simple Vapor Compression System

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• Vapor at low temperature and pressure enters the compressor where
it is compressed isentropically increasing its temperature and
pressure
• The vapor then goes to condenser where it is condensed to high
pressure and condenser also provides heat transfer medium to the
surrounding resulting in high pressure vapor is collected in receiver

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tank
• From receiver tank liquid line flows to expansion valve where it is

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throttled down to low pressure resulting in low pressure liquid at low
temperature
• Vapor then goes to evaporator where it extracts heat from
surroundings and vaporizes to low pressure vapor
• Note: Heat transfer in evaporator and condenser is completely latent
heat of vaporization and condensation respectively.

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 Fig: Ph diagram of Vapor Compression System

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Fig: Ts diagram of Vapor Compression Cycle (Dry Compression)

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Factors affecting the performance
of a vapor compression system
• Effect on suction pressure
• Effect of delivery pressure

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• Effect of superheating
• Effect of sub cooling of liquid

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• Effect of suction temperature and condenser temperature
Assignment: Ph diagram of these factors affecting vapor
compression system

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1.2 Vapor Absorption System
• Unlike VCs, Vapor absorption system is a heat operated system
• Compressor of Compression system is replaced with absorber

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and generator
• In order to achieve the different pressure level in this system,

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the refrigerant vapor is dissolved in an inert liquid medium at
the same pressure as evaporator pressure and the strong
solution thus formed is pumped to a container at condenser
pressure
• After raising the pressure the refrigerant is separated from the
mixture by heating
• And the vapor at condenser pressure thus goes to condenser,
expansion valve and evaporator 16
Overviews on VAs
• Simple Vapor Absorption system
• Practical Vapor absorption System

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• Comparison of Simple and Practical System
• Electrolux

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 System
Simple Vapor Absorption

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Contd..
• Low Pressure NH3 Vapor from Evaporator is absorbed in the low
temperature hot solution in the absorber, releasing latent heat of

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condensation, the temperature of the solution tends to rise, while
the absorber is maintained at same temperature by circulating cold
water absorbing the heat of solution/condensation

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• Strong solution rich in NH3 is pumped (Pumping action increases the
pressure) to the generator where heat is supplied from external
source, since the boiling point of NH3 is less than that of H20, NH3
vapor is released from the solution at high pressure and the weak
solution returns to the absorber via a pressure reducing valve
• High pressure NH3 vapor is condensed to high pressure NH3 liquid in
the condenser
• Liquid NH3 is throttled by the Expansion Valve and the evaporate
absorbing heat of vaporization from the surrounding 19
Practical Vapor Absorption System

• To improve the operating efficiency of SVAs, Following

components are added to make Practical VAs

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1. Analyser : series of tray mounted above the generator
2. Rectifier : water cooled heat exchanger that condenses

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water vapor and sends back to generator
3. Heat Exchangers
• To eliminate water vapor from ammonia vapor going into the
condenser Analyser rectifier combination is used as shown in
figure

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 Contd..

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 Comparison of VCs and VAs

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 Contd..

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Electrolux
• Domestic Absorption type refrigeration
• Also called three fluid absorption system

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• No moving parts
• Uses three fluid NH3, H2O and H2

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• NH3 is used as refrigerant; as no moving part so less chance of
leakage of refrigerant
• H2 is used to increase the rate of absorption of Liquid NH3
passing through the evaporator; used in low pressure side of
the system
• H2O is used as solvent as it has high ability to absorb NH3

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 Contd..

Fig: Electrolux Absorption System

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Assignment:
• Principle and working mechanism of

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Electrolux absorption system

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1.3 Air refrigeration System
• Reversed Carnot Cycle
• Reversed Brayton cycle ( Bell Coleman cycle)

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Reversed Carnot Cycle
• Not PRACTICAL Cycle
• Processes

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1. Isothermal Compression
2. Adiabatic Compression

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3. Isothermal Expansion
4. Adiabatic Expansion

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 Contd..

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Reversed Brayton Cycle

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Flow

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Direction

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Fig: Brayton Cycle
 Working of Bell Coleman Cycle

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