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15 MARCH, 2016
TH
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY
CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION
Microwaves are Electro-Magnetic (EM) waves with frequencies ranging between 300
MHz and 300 GHz. They have short wavelengths (i.e 1mm to 100cm).
Their wavelengths are short in comparison to the average physical length of a conductor;
hence the phase and magnitude of voltage and current changes significantly over the
length of the conductor. Therefore the conductor which works as a short-circuit node in
low frequency, now behaves as a “distributed element” at high frequencies.
Modern communication systems and radar require Radio Frequency (RF) and microwave
signals for the wireless transmission of information. These systems make use of
oscillators, mixers, RF amplifiers and microwave filters to generate and process the
baseband and carrier signals.
ABOUT MICROWAVE FILTERS
Microwave filters represent a class of electronic filters, designed to
operate in the microwave frequency spectrum. They form an
integral part of a large variety of wireless communication systems.
Setup Procedure
I. Output Power from the VCO between 2.4GHz – 3.63GHz is
measured i.e the input microwave power P1 entering the Low
Pass filter (LPF).
II. The Output Power P2 from the (LPF) for the frequency range
Microstrip Trainer Setup for LPF Measurement
2.4GHz-3.63GHz is measured. This achieved by inserting the
LPF in between the circulator and crystal detector as shown.
-2
-4
-5.1
-7.14
-8
-12
-14
2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7
Frequency (GHz)
A comparison of both tests shows marginal
average difference of less than 5% between the EM
simulation & the Actual test. As a result we can
conclude that the EM simulation results mimic the
actual performance fairly and can be used as the
basis for analysis.
LIMITATIONS OF RESEARCH
• An actual field test could not be conducted due to the non-availability of a Vector Network
Analyser (VNA), which is required to measure scattering parameters of the fabricated microstrip
filter. The performance analysis was predominantly based on the result of EM simulation using
the ADS EM simulation software.
• The FR4 dielectric was used for this study, and as a result the order of filter that could be feasibly
fabricated was limited and the FR4 is a lossy substrate that exhibits poor performance with
increase in frequency.
• The width of the transmission lines were between 0.5mm and 1mm; this requires the use of
specialised tools in order to fabricate the layout on a plane FR4 board. Unavailability of such
specialised tool, limited the fabrication to the use of manual methods, and only the Butterworth
Open-Circuited Stub filter could be fabricated due to limitations of this fabrication technique.
CONCLUSION
I. The Stepped impedance filter exhibited marginally better return loss in the
passband, compared to the open circuited stub filter. i.e the stepped
impedance filter presents better impedance-matching in the passband.
II. The Open-circuited stub approximates a shunt capacitor more accurately than
a low impedance line, as used in the stepped-impedance synthesis.
III. Overall, the open-circuited stub filter approximates the lumped circuit model
more accurately, in the passband its performance was very close to the
lumped circuit model, its stopband characteristics surpassed the design
specification; while the stepped impedance filter failed to meet the stopband
specification for the 2GHz low pass filter.
THANK YOU