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CHAPTER 2
PRECIPITATION
NETWORK DENSITY
◦ In flat regions of temperate, Mediterranean and
tropical zone
Ideal – 1 station for 600 – 900 km2
Acceptable – 1 station for 900 – 3000 km2
◦ In mountainous regions of temperate,
Mediterranean and tropical zones
Ideal – 1 station for 100 – 250 km2
Acceptable – 1 station for 25 – 1000 km2
◦ In arid and polar zones: 1 station for 1500 –
10000 km2 depending on visibility.
ADEQUACY OF RAINGAUGE
STATIONS
ADEQUACY OF RAINGAUGE
STATIONS
2. A catchment has six rain gauge stations. In a year,
the annual rainfall recorded by the gauges are as
follows:
Station A B C D E F
Rainfall 82.6 102.9 180.3 110.3 98.8 136.7
(cm)
a. Determine the standard error in the estimation of
mean rainfall in the existing set of rain gauges.
b. For a 10% error in the estimation of the mean
rainfall, calculate the optimum number of rain
gauge stations in the catchment.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
SAMPLE PROBLEM
4. The normal annual rainfall at stations A,
B, C and D in a basin are 80.97, 67.59,
79.28, 92.01 cm respectively. In the
year 1985, the station D was inoperative
and the stations A, B and C are recorded
annual precipitation of 91.11, 72.23, and
79.89 cm respectively. Estimate the
rainfall at station D in that year.
SAMPLE PROBLEM
)
C:\Users\Monique\Desktop\DOCS2016.AC
CRE\DOUBLEMASS.xls
TEST OF CONSISTENCY OF
RECORD
MASS CURVE OF RAINFALL
HYETOGRAPH
)
POINT RAINFALL
)
Moving Average
)
1950 676
1951 578 676 + 578 + 95 = 449.67
1349
1952 95 578 + 95 + 462 = 378.33
1135
1953 462 95 + 462 + 472 = 343.00
1029
1954 472 462 + 472 + 699 = 544.33
1633
1955 699 472 + 699 +479 = 550.00
1650
1956 479 699 + 479 + 431 = 536.33
1609
1957 431 479 + 431 + 493 = 467.67
1403
1958 493 431 + 493 + 503 = 475.67
1427
1959 503 493 + 503 + 415 = 470.33
1411
1960 415
SAMPLE PROBLEM
)
SAMPLE PROBLEM
)
SAMPLE PROBLEM
)
ISOHYETAL METHOD
SAMPLE PROBLEM
)
Duration K N
1 day 0.0008526 0.6614
2 days 0.0009877 0.6306
3 days 0.001745 0.5961
SAMPLE PROBLEM
9. (Computation)
SAMPLE PROBLEM