QUALITATIVE REASEARCH

Oleh :
Siti Pariani,
dr,MS,MS.c,Ph.D
Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas
Airlangga
 QUALITATIVE REASEARCH

STUDY

INPUT PROSES OUTPUT

 Mempelajari IMPACT
 Memahami
 Explorasi
 Explanasi
 Description
 Kebenaran Etc

Qualitatif

Data is “soft” Rich of description of people, places,

conversation

Not easily handled by

Statistical prosedure
 Qualitative research >< Quantitative research

definition of situation

Distinctive traits of social knowledge

METHODOLOGICALLY

Soft >< hard data

Journalism >< research
Intuitive >< Scientific

 method “hard science paradism”

 style

 subject

Caught : “peaple immagination”

Pointers :
1. Firsthand data gathering

“ The polish peasant in Europe & America”

• “turning point history of sosiological research”

• Qualitative analysis of personal & public document
• Introduced new element of research and new techniques that
werw not standard emperical investigation

• A pack of letters
• A personal observation

Insiden’s perspective on immigrant life

2. Emphasis
“City Life”

Intensive studies of :
 Social problem
• Particular communiti
 Social work • As a whole

• Behaviors
Problem solving ? • Situational

Recognation all opinions public & private

- Social product
- Human dimension
Mis : Oriental American “What I am ?”

I thought : I am American, I had American Ideals, would fight for

American and I loved Us.

Than In school, I found my self called jap, looked down on,

ostracimed.

The faot I did not know Japan could not speak the language,
I know no Japanese heroes or history

Result : I am not Japanese & I am not allowed tobe American

 FIGURE EIGHT COMMON QUESTIONS ABOUT QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

CHARACTERISTICS OF QUALITATIVE AND QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative : Quantitative
Phrases Associated with the Approach Phrases Associated with the Approach

-ethnographic -participant observation -experimental -positivist

-field work -phenomenological -hard data -social facts
-soft data -Chicago school -outer perspective -statistical
-symbolic interaction -documentary -empirical
-inner perspective -life history
-naturalistic -case study
-ethnomethodological -ecological
-descriptive

Key Concepts Associated with the Approach Key Concepts Associated with the Approach

-meaning -understanding -variable -validity

-common-sense -process -operationalize -statistically significant
understanding -negotiated order -reliability -replication
-bracketing -for all practical purposes -hypothesis
-definition of situation -sosial constuction
-everyday life

(continued)
Qualitative : Quantitative
Names Associeated with the Approach Names Associeated with the Approach

Max Weber Herbert Blumer Emile Durkheim Fred Kerlinger

Dharles Horton Cooley W. I. Thomas Lee Cronbach Edward Thorndike
Harold Garfinkel Everett Hughes L Guttman Fred McDonald
Margaret Mead Etving Goffman Gene Glass David Krathwohl
Anselm Strauss Harry Wolcott Robert Travers Donald Campbell
Eleanor Leacock Rosalie Wax Robert Bales Peter Rossi
Howard S. Becker George Herbert Mead
Raymond Rist Barney Glaser
Estelle Fuchs Hugh Mehan

Theoretical Affiliation Theoretical Affiliation

-symbolic interaction -culture -structural functionalism -logical empiricism

-ethnomethodology -idealism -relism, positism -systems theory
-phenomenology -behavioralism

Academic Affiliation Academic Affiliation

-sociology -antropology -psychology -sociology

-history -economics -polical science

Goals Goals

-develop sensitizing -grounded theory -theory testing -show relationships

consepts -develop understanding -establish the facts between variables
-describe multiple realities -statistical description -prediction

FOUNDATIONS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN EDUCATION: AN INTRODUCTION

Desigen Desigen

-evolving, flexible -desigen is a hunch as to -structured, predetermined -desigen is detailled

general how you might proceed formal, specific plan of operation

Written Research Proposals Written Research Proposals

-brief -not extensive in substantive -extensive -through review of

-speculative
-suggests areas research
may be relevant to
-often written after some
data has been collected
literature review -detailed and substantive literature
-general statement specific in focus -written prior to
approach -detailed and specific data collection
in procedures -hypotheses stated

Data Data

-descriptive -people’s own words -quantitative -operationalized variables

-personal documents -official documents and -quantifiable coding -statistical
-fild notes other artifacts -counts, measures
-photographs

Sample Sample

-small -theoretical sampling -large -random selection

-nonrepresentstive -stratified -control for extraneous
-control groups variables
-precise

Techniques or Methods Techniques or Methods

-observation -participant observation -experiments -quasi experiments

-reviewing various documents -open-ended interviewing -survey research -structured observation
and artifacts -structured -data sets
interviewing

EIGHT COMMON QUESTIONS ABOUT QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

(continued)
Qualitative : Quantitative
Relationship with Subjects Relationship with Subjects

-empathy -intense contact -circumscribed -distant

-emphasis on trust -subject as friend -short-term -subject-researcher

Instruments and Tool Instruments and Tool

-tape recorder (the researcher is often -inventories-computers

-transcriber the only instrument) -questionaires -scales
-indexes -test scores

Data Analysis Data Analysis

-Ongoing -analytical induction -deductive -statistical

-model, themes, concepts -constant comperative -occurrs at conclusion
-inductive method of data collection

Problems in Using the Approach Problems in Using the Approach

-time consuming -procedures not -controlling other -obtrusiveness

-data reduction standardized variables -validity
difficult -difficult studying large -reification
-reliability populations

FOUNDATIONS OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH IN EDUCATION: AN INTRODUCTION

 CHARACTERISTICS of QUALITATIVE
RESEARCH
1 Natural setting

Key instrument :

- Researcher
- Direct souce of data

- Personality -Interest
- Cultural syst -Beliff
- Social syst -Values
- Biological -Norm

- Individu
SITUATIONAL - Group
- Community

Ecosyst Social syst

2 First Description

- Exploration
Conclusion : - Explanation
- Description

Through : Interview
Transcripts
Fieldnotes
Photograph
Video taps
Personal document
Memos
Record
Report

Than :

Source of data

Dimention
Many
Complex

Contextual !!
3 Process Is the First

Input Proses Output

Impact

- Reference Ecosyst

- Situational Socialsyt

Personal
4 Analyzed data

“often” inductively

Prove or disprove
hypotheses

But developed theory

from - factual

- bottom up

Tunnel - open at the beginning (or top)

- directed & specific at the bottom

Grounded theory
5 Meaning is essential
- Participant perspectives
- Subjective meaning

Accurately

- Verbal
- Non verbal
- Written

Cannot do on a survey !!

Can descripe
- What they are experience
Knowledge
Attitude - How they interpret their experience
practice - How they them selve structure the
social world in which they live
 CULTURE
Knowledge - Interpret experience
- Senerate behaviour

What people do
What people know
What things that people make a use

- Phenomenological
- “Thick description”

What he is doing

Ethnographic procedures

“STORY”
Participant observation
DD &
ethnometho
dology
Ethnomethodology
THEORETICAL UNDER PINNING

Qualitative
Theory paradisem

Loose Collection of
- Logically heed

Together - assumption
- concepts
- propositions

That orient : thinking & research

Phenomenology

Symbolic interaction

Interpretation
SYMBOLIC INTERACTION

MIND
SELF
SOCIETY

Objects
People - Creative
Siheation - Freedom
Event

Fact can be Choosen

“Shered definition”
to indicate “truth”

“Interpretation”
 SYMBOLIC INTERACTION

Conceptual paradism

DD : - internal drives
- personality traits
- un conscious motives
- needs
- socio economic status
- role obligation
- cultural prescriptis
- social control mechanism
- physical environment

Includes :
self -people create
-part as others see us

Result : inner
act
external
Data - participant observation
- indepth interviewing

Than questionair

-un structured
-open – ended
-non directive
-flexibly structured

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH
should be
“Field research”
-ecological
-descriptive
NATURALISTIC

-Symboloc interactionist
-Inner perspective
-Phenomenological
-Case Study
-Interpretive
-Ethnomethological
 PHENOMENOLOGICAL APPROACH

“Verstehen”
- understanding
“Silence”
-respondent did not a ware
-reality

Reality Socially constructed

Point of view

-researcher
-subject / object of research
 QUESTION

1. Can Qualitative & Quantitative study

approaches be used together ???

See : based on different assumptions

2. Is qualitative research really scientific …?

based on : Validity
Realibility
Accuracy
and scientific thinking

3. How does qualitative research differ from teachers

reporters do
artist

OR
Teachers
Reporters do qualitative research
Artist
4. Are qualitative findings generali Zable …?
grounded researchs

-complex
-contectual
5. What about the researcher’s
-opinions
-prejudices
-biases

effect on the data

Subjectivity
6. Silence study …?
research subjects which is different from how they arsually act

natural setting …?
7. Realibility …?
8. How does qualitative differ from quantitative
 ETHICS

ETHICS moral issues

-Informed Concent

-Protection of subjects from harm

Than -Subject enter research voluntarily

-subject are not exposed to risks

relationship a friendship

researcher & subject

ETHICAL PRINCIPLES

- Subjects’ identities

should be protected

anonymity

- Tread subjects with respect & seek cooperation

- Negotiating permission raw data publishing data

- Tell the truth

report finding