Auto Negotiation Introduction

Auto-Negotiation
This is good stuff folks.
By Matthew Hersh
UNIVERSITY of NEW HAMPSHIRE INTEROPERABILITY LABORATORY

Presentation Goals:
To portray the concept of Auto-Negotiation
(ANEG)
To exhibit how devices choose the appropriate
link speed and duplex.
To compare copper and fiber Auto-Negotiation
methods.
UNIVERSITY of NEW HAMPSHIRE

INTEROPERABILITY LABORATORY Auto-Negotiation
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Auto-Negotiation
What is ANEG?
Some devices support more than one speed, i.e.
10BASE-T and 100BASE-TX. A device that
supports multiple speeds and/or duplexs
needs a mechanism to decide what speed and
duplex to link at. ANEG is that mechanism.

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The two islands
Lets look at an example.
Two men are stranded on two different islands. Each
one is very lonely and wants to talk to someone.
So one day the first man James carves a note into a
piece of bark and throws it into the ocean.
To his great surprise and excitement many days later a
piece of bark floats onto his beach, but when he picks
it up, the note he finds is in a different language.

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The two islands
James isnt about to give up, so he sits down and tries
to figure out a way to communicate, first he decides
they need to speak the same language, but he doesnt
know what language(s) his friend speaks.
While he is thinking a second piece of bark floats onto
the beach. He looks at it and finds that is identical to
the first one, so he still cant read it, but he realizes
that the man he is talking to is very smart.
By throwing more than one piece of bark with the
same note, it increased that chance that he would
receive it

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The two islands
So now James starts to carve a new note. He writes
down each of the languages he can speak, and if he
speaks it fluently or not. Then he copies it many times
and throws them into the ocean.
Days later, he starts to get pieces of bark back. His
friend had gotten the idea, and all of these pieces of
bark listed the languages his friend could speak.
So he circled a language they could both speak
fluently and threw them back into the ocean.

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The two islands
The next piece of bark he received was a hello note
from his new friend Chris in a language that he could
read, and from then on they were great pen pals.

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Transmissions
A device will always be sending stuff, even when
not connected to another device.
If the device only supports one speed/duplex combo,
then the device will be transmitting link signaling
according with that speed (Does not support ANEG
Legacy device).
If the device supports more than one speed (or
duplex), then the device will be transmitting FLPs
(Does Support ANEG).

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Copper ANEG (NLPs)
This is a 10BASE-T LTP
(link test pulse)
It exactly matches an NLP
(normal link pulse) sent by
an Auto-Negotiating
device

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Copper ANEG (FLPs)
What is an FLP?
An FLP is a Fast Link Pulse. It is a 16-bit code word
that is transmitted through a burst of electronic pulses.
An FLP has 17 clock pulses(NLPs).
If there is a pulse between two clock pulses, then that
pulse is considered a data pulse.
Since there are 17 clock pulses, there are 16 possible
data pulses, which is how the FLP is a 16 bit code
word.

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Copper ANEG (FLPs)
Since FLPs are 16-bit code words, that means
that there are 16 bits that can be either one or
zero.
Each bit represents a capability that the DUT can
or cannot support.

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Copper ANEG Base Page
All Auto-Negotiating devices transmit a Base Page to determine link
partner capabilities. The Base Page is a series of transmitted FLPs that
are identical.
The Base Page is broken down as follows:
Bits 0-4, Selector Field Combination defines what technology is being used.
Bits 5-11, Technology Ability Field defines what capabilities are supported
by the DUT. 10BASE-T full and half duplex, 100BASE-TX full and half duplex,
100BASE-T4, PAUSE, and ASM_DIR PAUSE are all possibilities that a device
can advertise in the Technology Ability Field of its Base Page.
Bit 12 Recently defined as Extended Next Pages bit, intended for use with
10GBase-T.
Bit 13 Remote Fault Bit
Bit 14 Acknowledge Bit
Bit 15 Next Page Bit

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Copper ANEG Base Page
A device will set any of the bits in the Base Page
that the device actually supports. If a device
wants to indicate 1000BASE-T capabilities, the
next page bit must be set because 1000BASE-T
links can only be established through a Next
Page Exchange.
There are two types of Next Pages: Message
Page and Unformatted Page.

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Copper ANEG - Next Pages
A device will support a Next Page Exchange
usually if it has additional information that it
wants to transmit (i.e. 1000BASE-T capabilities).
If the device wants to indicate 1000BASE-T
capabilities, the first Next Page it will send is a
Message Page.

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Next Pages Message Page
A device can indicate a Next Page to be a Message Page
by setting the Message Page bit (bit 13).
The Message Page will contain a code number. This code
number corresponds to the reason for going through a
Next Page Exchange.
A message code 8, for example, indicates that the device
wants to attempt a 1000BASE-T link and that two
Unformatted Next Pages are following.
A message code 1 indicates that it is Null Message Page,
and no more information needs to be transmitted.

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Next Pages Unformatted Page
Contains 11 bits of information
Contents of these pages can be defined by previous
message pages.
When a message code 8 had already been sent, the first
Unformatted Page following the message page would
contain the 1000BASE-T capabilities. This also includes
Master/Slave bits.
The second Unformatted Page in a 1000BASE-T Next
Page Exchange contains a seed value which is the last
resort to resolve a Master and Slave.

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Bitwise look at pages
This is a bit by bit look at the three types of pages

As you can see each is the same 16 bits long, but
have slightly different configurations
Blue indicates the Base Page, and Yellow indicates
Next Pages
Page Type Bit 0 Bit 1 Bit 2 Bit 3 Bit 4 Bit 5 Bit 6 Bit 7 Bit 8 Bit 9 Bit 10 Bit 11 Bit 12 Bit 13 Bit 14 Bit 15
Selector Field bits 10BASE-T 10BASE-T
100BASE-TX 100BASE-TX Asynchronous Not Remote Next
Base Half Full 100BASE-T4 PAUSE Acknowledge
Half Duplex Full Duplex Defined Fault Page
(0 - 4) Duplex Duplex PAUSE
Message Next
Message Message Code bits (0 - 10) Toggle Ack2
Page
Acknowledge
Page
Message Next
Unformatted Data bits (0 - 10) Toggle Ack2
Page
Acknowledge
Page

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Fiber Auto - Negotiation
1000BASE-SX and 1000BASE-LX devices

also determine a link using ANEG.
These technologies use fiber, so ANEG is
different than it is for copper, however the
concepts are the same.

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/C/ Ordered Sets
Fiber ANEG still uses 16-bit code words.
It also has a Base Page, but instead of using FLPs, it uses
/C/ ordered sets.
ANEG coordinates with the PCS to decide what to send.
If ANEG is restarted, ANEG temporarily takes control of
the PCS.
While the device is ANEGing, ANEG tells the PCS what to
transmit within the /C/ ordered set.
When a link is established, the PCS takes control and
transmits /I/ ordered sets and/or packets.

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/C/ Ordered Sets
/C/ ordered sets contain the following abilities:
1000BASE-X full and half duplex
PAUSE settings
Remote Fault
Next Page

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Fiber ANEG Next Page
Devices can call for a Next Page Exchange,
however, it is not required and rarely
implemented.

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Bitwise look at the Page
This is a bit by bit look at the Base Page for Fiber
ANEG.

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Copper ANEG vs. Fiber ANEG
The major issue between copper and fiber ANEG is where
each is located in OSI stack.
For copper, ANEG is located below the PMA. This means that the
ANEG process can occur before signaling is transmitted
For fiber, ANEG is located in the PCS. This means that two
devices must transmit signaling before ANEG can be done
What this means is that copper ANEG can be used for
multiple speeds that use difference signaling techniques,
while fiber ANEG can only be used for 1000BASE-X
devices.

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OSI location
OSI
REFERENCE
LAN LAN LAN
MODEL
CSMA/CD CSMA/CD CSMA/CD
LAYERS
LAYERS LAYERS LAYERS
APPLICATION
HIGHER LAYERS HIGHER LAYERS HIGHER LAYERS
PRESENTATION
LLC - LOGICAL LINK CONTROL LLC - LOGICAL LINK CONTROL LLC - LOGICAL LINK CONTROL
MAC CONTROL (OPTIONAL) MAC CONTROL (OPTIONAL) MAC CONTROL (OPTIONAL)

SESSION CLAUSE 31 CLAUSE 31 CLAUSE 31
MAC -- MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL MAC -- MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL MAC -- MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL
CLAUSE 4 CLAUSE 4 CLAUSE 4
TRANSPORT
RECONCILIATION RECONCILIATION RECONCILIATION
CLAUSE 22 CLAUSE 22 CLAUSE 22

NETWORK MII MII MII
PCS PCS PCS

DATA LINK CLAUSE 24 T4=CLAUSE 23
PMA CLAUSE 24
T2=CLAUSE 32
PHY PHY PMA PHY PMA
PMD CLAUSE 25
PHYSICAL
AUTONEG CLAUSE 28 PMD CLAUSE 26 AUTONEG CLAUSE 28
MDI MDI MDI
MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM
100BASE-TX 100BASE-FX 100BASE-T4

100BASE-T2
100Mb/s

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OSI Location
OSI
REFERENCE
LAN LAN
MODEL
CSMA/CD CSMA/CD
LAYERS
LAYERS LAYERS
APPLICATION
HIGHER LAYERS HIGHER LAYERS
PRESENTATION
LLC - LOGICAL LINK CONTROL LLC - LOGICAL LINK CONTROL
MAC CONTROL (OPTIONAL) MAC CONTROL (OPTIONAL)

SESSION CLAUSE 31 CLAUSE 31
MAC -- MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL MAC -- MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL

CLAUSE 4 CLAUSE 4
TRANSPORT
RECONCILIATION RECONCILIATION
CLAUSE 35 CLAUSE 35
NETWORK GMII GMII
PCS AUTONEG PCS

DATA LINK PCS,PMA =CLAUSE 36
CLAUSE 40
ANEG=CLAUSE 37
PHY PMA PHY PMA
PHYSICAL SX,LX=CLAUSE 38
PMD AUTONEG CLAUSE 28
CX=CLAUSE 39
MDI MDI
MEDIUM MEDIUM
1000BASE-SX 1000BASE-T
1000BASE-LX
1000BASE-CX
1000Mb/s
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Priority Resolution
When two devices are connected, before they actually
establish a link, they send information back and forth to
determine what each device supports.
There is an order of speed/duplex combinations in which
every device should follow. This is called Priority
Resolution.
Once all information is transmitted, a link should be
established according to the Priority Resolution.

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Copper Priority Resolution
1. 1000BASE-T full duplex
2. 1000BASE-T
3. 100BASE-T2 full duplex
4. 100BASE-TX full duplex
5. 100BASE-T2
6. 100BASE-T4
7. 100BASE-TX
8. 10BASE-T full duplex
9. 10BASE-T

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Fiber Priority Resolution
1. 1000BASE-X full duplex
2. 1000BASE-X half duplex
1000BASE-X refers to either 1000BASE-SX or 1000BASE-LX.

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Priority Resolution
Auto-Negotiating devices that are connected
should establish the Highest Common
Denominator(HCD) link in accordance with the
Priority Resolution.

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Parallel Detection
Legacy devices only support one speed, and only
half duplex at that speed. If an Auto-Negotiating
device is connected to a Legacy device, the
ANEG device needs a method to detect the type
of signaling being received.
The link established will be a half duplex link.
This method is called parallel detection.

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Parallel Detection
Some devices can be configured to transmit only one
speed. If the other device connected is ANEGing, that
device will have to parallel detect to the appropriate
speed in order to establish a link.
However, in this case, the ANEGing device should always
establish a half duplex link, but the manually configured
device could be set to full duplex, in which case the link
established will be full duplex on one end and half duplex
on the other.

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Software
Much software created by former and current
students.
Software all written in Labview, a picture oriented
programming language.
Two main parts to the code: receive, and
transmit.

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Receive Software

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Transmit Software

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Auto Negotiation Introduction

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This is good stuff folks.

UNIVERSITY of NEW HAMPSHIRE INTEROPERABILITY LABORATORY

UNIVERSITY of NEW HAMPSHIRE

UNIVERSITY of NEW HAMPSHIRE

UNIVERSITY of NEW HAMPSHIRE

UNIVERSITY of NEW HAMPSHIRE

UNIVERSITY of NEW HAMPSHIRE

UNIVERSITY of NEW HAMPSHIRE

UNIVERSITY of NEW HAMPSHIRE

UNIVERSITY of NEW HAMPSHIRE

UNIVERSITY of NEW HAMPSHIRE

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This is a bit by bit look at the three types of pages

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1000BASE-SX and 1000BASE-LX devices

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UNIVERSITY of NEW HAMPSHIRE

MAC CONTROL (OPTIONAL) MAC CONTROL (OPTIONAL) MAC CONTROL (OPTIONAL)

CLAUSE 22 CLAUSE 22 CLAUSE 22

PCS PCS PCS

MDI MDI MDI

MEDIUM MEDIUM MEDIUM

100BASE-TX 100BASE-FX 100BASE-T4

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MAC CONTROL (OPTIONAL) MAC CONTROL (OPTIONAL)

MAC -- MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL MAC -- MEDIA ACCESS CONTROL

PCS AUTONEG PCS

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1. 1000BASE-X full duplex

2. 1000BASE-X half duplex

1000BASE-X refers to either 1000BASE-SX or 1000BASE-LX.

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