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Fluids in Motion

How does blood flow dislodge plaque from an


artery?
Why can a strong wind cause the roof to blow off
a house?
Why do people snore?
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Fluids moving across surfaces: Qualitative
analysis
How does air blowing over
the top of a beach ball lift
and support the ball?
We must compare the
forces that stationary air
exerts on a surface to
the forces exerted on the
surface by moving air.
We can deduce the
direction of the net force
due to air pressure
exerted on different
sides of the ball.

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Observational experiment

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Observational experiment

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Observational experiment

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Fluids moving across surfaces: Qualitative
analysis
Stationary air exerted more pressure on the
object than the moving air.
Explanation 1: Temperature. The pressure on
one side of an object decreases because a
moving fluid is warmer than a stationary fluid.
Explanation 2: Fluid speed. The pressure that
a fluid exerts on a surface decreases as the
speed with which the fluid moves across the
surface increases.

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Testing experiments

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Testing experiments

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Bernoulli's principle

Bernoulli's principle has many important


applications, including fluid-flow implications in
biological systems such as blood through blood
vessels.

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Clarinet reed

A musician blows air into a


clarinet, moving air across the top
of a reed.
Air pressure across the top of
the reed decreases relative to
the pressure below the reed.
In response, the flexible reed
rises and closes the
mouthpiece of the clarinet.
Once it is closed, airflow
stops, the pressure
equalizes, and the reed
opens.
The rhythmic opening and
closing of the reed initiates
the sound heard from a
clarinet.
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Snoring

A snoring sound occurs when


air moving through the narrow
opening above the soft palate
at the back of the roof of the
mouth has lower pressure than
nonmoving air below the
palate.
The normal air pressure
below the soft palate, where
the air is not moving,
pushes the palate closed.
When airflow stops, the
pressures equalize and the
passage reopens.
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Flow rate and fluid speed

Flow rate is defined as the volume V of fluid that moves


through a cross section of a pipe divided by the time
interval t during which it moved:

The SI unit of flow rate is m3/s.


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Relationship between flow rate and speed of
the moving fluid

The darkened volume of fluid passes a cross


section of area A along the pipe.
The back part of this fluid volume has, in
effect, moved forward to this position.
The fluid flow rate is:
This leads to:

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Tip

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Continuity equation

The flow rate past cross section 1 will equal that


past cross section 2.

v1 is the average speed of the fluid passing


cross section A1 and v2 is the average speed of
the fluid passing cross section A2.
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Causes and types of fluid flow

Fluid flow is caused by differences in pressure. When the pressure


in one region of the fluid is lower than the pressure in another
region, the fluid tends to flow from the higher-pressure region toward
the lower-pressure region.
For example, large masses of air in Earth's atmosphere move
from regions of high pressure into regions of low pressure.

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Streamline flow and turbulent flow

Streamline flow: Every particle of fluid that passes a


particular point follows the same path as particles that
preceded it.
Turbulent flow: Characterized by agitated, disorderly
motion.

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Bernoulli's equation

Bernoulli's equation is the


quantitative version of
Bernoulli's principle:

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Bernoulli's equation

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Using Bernoulli bar charts to understand
fluid flow

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Viscous fluid flow

Previously, we assumed that fluids flow without


friction.
We assumed no interaction either between
the fluid and the walls of the pipes it flows in,
or between the layers of the fluid.
This assumption is not reasonable in many
processes.
When we cannot neglect this friction inside the
fluid, we call the fluid "viscous."

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Factors that affect fluid flow rate

Pressure difference: How hard the fluid is


pushed forward.
Radius r of the tube: It is more difficult to push
fluid through a tube of tiny radius.
Length of the tube: A long tube offers more
resistance to flow.
Fluid type: Some property of a fluid that
characterizes its "thickness" or "stickiness"
should affect the flow.

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Factors that affect fluid flow rate

A pump that produces an adjustable pressure,


thereby causing fluid to flow through tubes of
different radii and lengths, allows us to test
parameters that affect fluid flow rate.

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Viscosity

If we use the same pressure difference to push


different fluids through the same tube, we find
that the fluids have different flow rates.
Water flows faster than oil; oil flows faster
than molasses.
The quantity that measures this effect on flow
rate is called the viscosity of the fluid.
Flow rate is proportional to viscosity.

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Poiseuille's law

The pressure difference is related to the


resistance of the fluid to the flow and to the net
push on the fluid related to the flow rate Q.

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Tip

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Viscosities of some liquids and gases

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Limitations of Poiseuille's law: Reynolds
number

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Blowing the roof off a house

Roofs can be blown from houses during


tornadoes or hurricanes. How does that
happen?
On a windy day, the air inside the house is
not moving, whereas the air outside the
house is moving very rapidly.
The air pressure inside the house is greater
than the air pressure outside, creating a net
pressure against the roof and windows that
pushes outward.

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Tip

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Dislodging plaque

The physical principles of a roof being lifted from


a house also explain how plaque can become
dislodged from the inner wall of an artery.
The plaque may block a considerable portion
of the area where blood normally flows. The
kinetic energy density is much greater in the
constricted area.
This pressure differential could cause the
plaque to be pulled off the wall and tumble
downstream, causing a blood clot.

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Example 11.7

Blood flows through the unobstructed part of a


blood vessel at a speed of 0.50 m/s. The
blood then flows past a plaque that constricts
the cross-sectional area to one-ninth the
normal value. The surface area of the plaque
parallel to the direction of blood flow is about
0.60 cm2 = 6.0 x 105 m2. Estimate the net
force that the fluid exerts on the plaque.

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Measuring blood pressure

The air is slowly released from the


cuff, decreasing the pressure.
When the pressure in the cuff is
equal to the systolic pressure,
blood starts to squeeze through
the artery past the cuff.
The flow is intermittent and
turbulent and causes a sound
heard with the stethoscope.
When the pressure decreases to
less than the diastolic pressure,
the artery is continually open and
blood flow is laminar and makes
no sound.
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Drag force

Now we focus on solid objects moving through a


fluid.
Examples: a swimmer moving through water,
a skydiver falling through the air, and a car
traveling through air
The fluid in these and in other cases exerts a
resistive drag force on the object moving
through the fluid.
So far we have been neglecting this force in
our mechanics problems.

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Laminar drag force and Stokes's law

If an object moves relatively slowly through a


fluid, the water flows around the object in
streamline laminar flow, with no turbulence.
However, the fluid does exert a drag force on the
object.
The equation expressing this relationship is
called Stokes's law:

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Reynolds number

An equation can be used to decide whether the


flow of a fluid past an object is laminar or
turbulent:

If the Reynolds number is more than 1, the flow


is turbulent and we cannot use Stokes's law.
In the case of turbulent flow, we use this
equation:

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Tip

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Summary

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Summary

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Summary

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Summary

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Summary

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Summary

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