Electron Transport and Oxidative

Phosphorylation
Harliansyah, Ph.D
Human Blok Systems
Dental Medicine Program
YARSI UNIVERSITY @ 2012
Mitochondria

outer membrane relatively permeable

inner membrane permeable only to those things with specific
transporters
Impermeable to NADH and FADH2
Permeable to pyruvate
Compartmentalization
Kreb's and -oxidation in matrix
Glycolysis in cytosol
Most energy from Redox

electrons during metabolic reactions sent to NAD

and FAD
Glycolysis
In cytosol
produces 2 NADH
Pyruvate dehydrogenase reaction
In mitochondrial matrix
2 NADH / glucose
Krebs
In mitochondrial matrix
6 NADH and 2 FADH2 / glucose
Oxidative Level Phosphorylation
Electron Transport Chain

Groups of redox proteins

On inner mitochondrial membrane
Binding sites for NADH and FADH2
On matrix side of membrane
Electrons transferred to redox proteins
NADH reoxidized to NAD+
FADH2 reoxidized to FAD

4 Complexes
proteins in specific order
Transfers 2 electrons in specific order
Proteins localized in complexes
Embedded in membrane
Ease of electron transfer
Electrons ultimately reduce oxygen to water
2 H+ + 2 e- + O2 -- H2O
Electron Transport Chain
Complex 1

Has NADH binding site

NADH reductase activity
NADH - NAD+
NADH ---> FMN--->FeS---> ubiquinone
ubiquinone ---> ubiquinone H2
4 H+ pumped/NADH
Electron Transport Chain
Complex II

succinate ---FADubiquinone
Contains coenzyme Q
FADH2 binding site
FAD reductase activity
FADH2 -- FAD
Electron Transport Chain
Complex III

ubiquinone - ubiquinone ox
while cyt C gets reduced
Also contains cytochromes b
proton pump 4H+
Adds to gradient
8 H+ / NADH
4 H+ / FADH2
Electron Transport Chain
Complex IV
reduction of oxygen
cytochrome oxidase
cyt a+a3 red ---> oxidized state
oxygen ---> water
2 H+ + 2 e- + O2 -- 2 H2O
transfers e- one at a time to oxygen
Pumps 2H+ out
Total of 10 H+ / NADH
Total of 6 H+ / FADH2

Totals
Proton gradient created as electrons transferred to oxygen forming
water
10 H+ / NADH
6 H+ / FADH2
Electron Transport Chain
Generation of ATP

Proton dependant ATP synthetase

Uses proton gradient to make ATP
Protons pumped through channel on enzyme
From intermembrane space into matrix
~4 H+ / ATP
Called chemiosmotic theory
ATP
Sources of ATP
Totals

NADH
10 H+ X 1 ATP = 2.5 ATP
4 H+

FADH2
6 H+ X 1 ATP = 1.5 ATP
4 H+
Total ATP from mitochondrial matrix
Pyruvate dehydrogenase
NADH .2.5 ATP
Krebs
3 NADH X 2.5 ATP/NADH .7.5 ATP
FADH2 X 1.5 ATP / FADH2.1.5 ATP
GTP X 1 ATP / GTP ..1.0 ATP
(from a separate reaction)
Total .12.5 ATP
(Per glucose = X 2 = 25 ATP)
Review of ATP Production
What about NADH from glycolysis?
NADH made in cytosol
Cant get into matrix of mitochondrion
2 mechanisms
In muscle and brain
Glycerol phosphate shuttle
In liver and heart
Malate / aspartate shuttle
Glycerol Phosphate shuttle

http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/jrobertus/ch339k/overheads-3/ch19_glycerol-shuttle.jpg
Glycerol phosphate shuttle

In muscle and brain

Each NADH converted to FADH2 inside mitochondrion
FADH2 enters later in the electron transport chain
Produces 1.5 ATP
Total ATP per glucose in muscle and
brain
Gycerol phosphate shuttle
2 NADH per glucose - 2 FADH2
2 FADH2 X 1.5 ATP / FADH2.3.0 ATP
2 ATP in glycoysis 2.0 ATP
From pyruvate and Krebs
12.5 ATP X 2 per glucose ..25.0 ATP

Total = 30.0 ATP/ glucose

Malate Aspartate Shuttle

http://courses.cm.utexas.edu/emarcotte/ch339k/fall2005/Lecture-Ch19-2/Slide14.JPG
Malate Aspartate Shuttle
in cytosol
In liver and heart
NADH oxidized while reducing oxaloacetate to malate
Malate dehydrogenase
Malate crosses membrane
 Malate Aspartate Shuttle
in matrix
Malate reoxidized to oxaloacetate
Malate dehydrogenase
NAD+ reduced to NADH
NADH via electron transport yields 2.5 ATP

Mlate Aspartate
Shuttle
in cytosol
Total ATP per glucose in liver and
heart
Malate Aspartate Shuttle
2 NADH per glucose - 2 NADH
2 NADH X 2.5 ATP / NADH5.0 ATP
2 ATP from glycolysis..2.0 ATP
From pyruvate and Krebs
12.5 ATP X 2 per glucose ..25.0 ATP

Total = 32.0 ATP/ glucose

Summary

Total ATP / glucose

Muscle and brain 30.0 ATP
Uses glycerol phosphate shuttle

Heart and liver 32.0 ATP

Uses malate aspartate shuttle