Geokimia

Pertemuan ke 6
2016 - 2017
 Mineral Non silikat Contoh
Spinel
(Oxide)
Halite
(Halide)
Gypsum
(Sulfate)

Hematite
Calcite (Oxide)
Pyrite
Galena (Carbonate)
(Sulfide)
(Sulfide)
 Nonsilicate Minerals
Nonsilicate Minerals = those that do not contain silicon (Si) and
make up 4% of the earths crust
Six major groups:
carbonates = contain CO3
halides = Cl or F combined with Na / K / Ca
native elements = pure elements e.g. Ag
oxides = oxygen and an element other than Si
sulphates = contain a SO4 group
sulfides = one or more elements with S
MINERALS
NONSILICATE MINERALS
NATIVE ELEMENTS
Elements are generally solitary (homogeneous).
Do not combine with other elements in nature. Gold

Gold (Au)
Silver (Ag)
Platinum (Pt)
Diamond (C)
Graphite (C)
Sulfur (S) Copper
Copper (Cu)

Silver
Native Minerals Copper
A pure element
MINERALS
NONSILICATE MINERALS
CARBONATES
Carbonate ion (CO32-) is prominent in minerals.
Has -2 charge.
Combines readily with positive ions. CALCITE
Bonds generally weak.
Minerals are soft (3-4).
Minerals are soluble in acidic water.
Leads to cave development.

Calcite (CaCO3)
Dolomite (CaMg(CO3)2)

DOLOMITE
Carbonates contain CO3= fizzing with acid
Primary constituents in limestone and dolostone
Calcite (calcium carbonate) and Dolomite
(calcium-magnesium carbonate) are the two most
important carbonate minerals

Calcite showing cleavage faces

MINERALS
NONSILICATE MINERALS
OXIDES CORUNDUM

Produced when negative OXYGEN (O2-) ions combine with

positive metallic ions.

Specular hematite (Fe2O3)

Oolitic hematite (Fe2O3)
Magnetite (Fe3O4)
Corundum (Al2O3)

SPECULAR
HEMATITE

OOLITIC MAGNETITE
HEMATITE
 Hematite, an oxide, Fe2O3

An important Iron ore. Very high density

MINERALS
NONSILICATE MINERALS
HYDROXIDES
Produced when negative HYDROXIDE (OH-) ions combine with
positive metallic ions.

Limonite FeO (OH) . nH2O

Bauxite Al2O3 (OH) . nH2O

LIMONITE

BAUXITE
MINERALS
NONSILICATE MINERALS
SULFIDES
Produced when negative SULFUR (S2-) ions combine with
positive metallic ions.
Oxygens ugly sibling. PYRITE

Pyrite (FeS2)
Chalcopyrite (Cu,FeS2)
Galena (PbS)
Sphalerite (Zn,Fe)S

GALENA

CHALCOPYRITE SPHALERITE
 Galena, PbS, a Sulfide

An important ore of Lead

MINERALS
NONSILICATE MINERALS
SULFATES
Produced when negative SULFATE (SO42-) ions combine with
positive metallic ions.

Gypsum (CaSO4 . H2O)

 Gypsum, a Sulfate
.
CaSO4 2H2O

An important evaporite mineral, used to

make sheetrock =drywall
MINERALS
NONSILICATE MINERALS
HALIDES
Produced when negative HALIDE (F, Cl, Br, I) ions combine
with positive metallic ions.

Halite (NaCl)
Fluorite (CaF2)

HALITE

FLUORITE
 Many nonsilicate minerals have
economic value
Examples
Hematite (oxide mined for iron ore)
Halite (halide mined for salt)
Sphalerite (sulfide mined for zinc
ore)
Native Copper (native element
mined for copper)
Kelompok Spinel (MgAl2O4)
Kelompok Periklas (MgO) Batugamping kaya Dolomit
Kelompok Kasiterit (SnO2)
Beku Asam
Kelompok Korundum (Al2O3)
Kelompok Hematit (Fe2O3) Sedimen & Metamorf
Kelompok Ilmenit (FeTiO3) Gabro, Norit, Anortosit, Malihan
Kelompok Rutil (TiO2)

Spinel (MgAl2O4)

Kelompok Spinel Opaque

Kromit (Fe2+ Cr2O4)
minerals
Magnetit (Fe2+ Fe3+ O4)
 TiO2
(Rutil, anatase, brookite)

FeO.2TiO2

FeO. TiO2 Fe2O3.TiO2

(Ilmenite) (pseudobrookite)
2FeO. TiO2
(Ulvospinel)
Garis reaksi
Temperatur
tinggi

FeO FeO.Fe2O3 Fe2O3

(magnetite) (haematite)
(maghemite)
Diagram segitiga sistem FeO-Fe2O3-TiO2 di dlm kelompok mineral oksida
 Komposisi kimia kelompok mineral spinel, ilmenit, rutil

Oksida 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Utama Spinel Kromit Magnetit Magnetit Ti-Magnetit Ilmenit Rutil
SiO2 - 0,12 0,27 0,11 0,10 0,51 0,23
Al2O3 65,40 10,28 0,21 3,84 1,39 - 0,14
TiO2 0,13 0,14 - 14,61 19,42 50,02 98,77
Fe2O3 4,32 3,30 68,85 - 28,37 4,19 -
FeO 8,03 14,09 30,78 74,99 46,76 42,18 -
MnO 0,10 0,14 - 0,38 0,33 1,44 -
MgO 22,23 12,62 - 1,95 2,29 0,46 -
CaO - 0,14 - - 0,06 0,71 -
Na2O - - - - - - -
K2O - - - 0,01 - - -
Cr2O3 - 59,40 - 0,13 0,07 - 0,16
H2O - - - - - 0,13 -
Total 100,45 100,23 100,11 96,03 100,06 99,64 99,85
Oksigen 32 32 32 32 32 6 2
 Komposisi kimia mineral karbonat

Kalsit : CaCO3

Dolomit : Ca Mg (CO3)2

Magnesit : MgCO3
Oksida Kalsit Aragonit Magnesit Dolomit Siderit
Siderit : FeCO3
FeO - - 0,56 0,22 58,81

Araganit : CaCO3 MnO - - 0,12 0,00 2,86

MgO 0,04 0,03 46,62 21,12 0,20

CaO 55,92 55,96 0,43 31,27 0,08

CO2 43,95 43,95 51,93 47,22 38,08

Total 99,91 100,07 99,66 99,97 100,03

Oksigen 6 6 6 6 6
Komposisi kimia kelompok hidroksida, sulfida & sulfat

I. Hidroksida III. Sulfat

Bruchite Mg (OH)2 Barite BaSO4
Gibbsite Al (OH)3 Celestite SrSO4
Diaspore Al O (OH) Gypsum CaSO4.2H2O
Boehmite Al O (OH) Anhidrite CaSO4
Goethite FeO OH
Limonite FeO OH.nH2O

II. Sulfida
Pyrite FeS2
Pyrrhotite Fe7S8 FeS
Chalcopyrite CuFeS2
Sphalerite ZnS
Galena PbS