SPUHLER 2010 Anaerobic Digester Smallscale - 2

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-acale)
Dorothee Spuhler, seecon gmbh
Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale) 1

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Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale)

Contents
1. Concept
2. How can it optimise SSWM
3. Design principals
4. Treatment efficiency
5. Operation and maintenance
6. Applicability
7. Advantages and disadvantages
8. References

1. Concept
Background
Small-scale anaerobic biogas reactors are very common in agricultural

regions in industrialised as well as developing countries.
Because this plants not only allow the treatment of wastes (manure, green
waste, toilet products) but also result in the on-site production of a
renewable energy source, such plants have been widely disseminated by
many rural developing programmes in the past 30 years.
In Nepal for instance more than 200000 such plants have been constructed
in the past 20 years.
The main features of small-scale anaerobic biogas reactors are:
Requires animal dung (rich in organic matter and high productions
yields) to produced sufficient energy for the household
Can co-treat toilet products and kitchen or garden waste (green waste)
Depend on relatively high daily mean temperature as anaerobic
digestion, the process which produces biogas slows down drastically
with decreasing temperatures.
1. Concept
Background On-site recycling of nutrients and energy
Toilet, Kitchen and Garden

Waste
+ Manure
Adapted from: http://www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/energy-sources/biomass/images/manure-

biogas.gif [Accessed: 30.05.2010]
1. Concept
What are Small-Scale Anaerobic Digesters?
Airtight reactors, typically designed to produce biogas at the household or
community level.
Biogas gas is produced by the conversion of green waste by a process called
anaerobic digestion.
During anaerobic digestion, microorganism transform organic matter contained
in the wastes into biogas
The produced biogas can be used either directly for coocking, heating
or lightening or be transformed into combined heat and power (CHP) in
small cogeneration plants.
With time the reactors fill up and digested sludge (sludge which organic
fraction was already converted to biogas) accumulates in the bottom.
Nutrients remain in the sludge, which is a well-balanced soil amendment.
Toilets can be linked to the reactors and co-digested with the animal dung, but
biogas production from human manure is only low and therefore animal dung
and green wastes are required to cover a familiys needs.
1. Concept
The Ecocylce of biogas
What are Small-Scale Anaerobic Digesters?
Coocking
Cattle Dung /
Manure
Lightning
Toilet Products
(Excreta, Biogas
Faeces)
Heating
Kitchen / Garden
Organic Waste
(Green Waste)
Electricit
y
Fuel
Fertiliser D. Spuhler (2010), Adapted from: www.kristianstad.se/; http://www.newseedadvisors.com/2009/09/10/invest/;
http://www.hydroharrys.com/hydroharrys_about_fertilizer.php and www.clker.com [Accessed: 02.06.2010]
1. Concept
Possible Benefits for Users:
Under the right conditions a biogas plant yields several benefits to end-users
Social:
Improved sanitation: reduction of pathogens, worm eggs and flies
Reduction of workload: less firewood collection, better cooking
performance
Improved indoor air quality: less smoke and harmful particle emission
of biogas stove compared to wood or dung fuels;
Environmental
Production of green energy
Reduction of greenhouse gas emission
Organic fertilizer production
Economical:
Better Health more work capacity
Fertilizer, better crop yields, better Health
Fuel substitution

1. Concept
Possible Benefits for Users: Reduced indoor pollution
Source: M. WAFLER Source: M. WAFLER
Coocking with fuelwood Biogas stove

1. Concept
What is Anaerobic Digeastion ? (1/3)
Degradation of organic material by bacteria. In the absence of air
(anaerobic). Four stages:
Hydrolisis
Cleavage of a chemical compound through the reaction with water.
Insoluble complex molecules are bracken down to short sugars, fatty
acids and amino acids.
Fermentation (Acidogenesis)
Products from hydrolysis are transformed into organic acids, alcohols,
carbon dioxide (CO2), hydrogen (H) and ammonia (NH3).
Acetogenesis
Organic acids and alcohols are converted into hydrogen (H2), carbon
dioxide (CO2) and acetic acid (CH3COOH). Therefore, oxygen is
consumed and anaerobic conditions are created
Methanogenesis
Methanogenic bacteria (methanogenesis), transform the acetic acid,
carbon dioxide and hydrogen into biogas.
1. Concept
What is Anaerobic Digestion ? (2/3)
D. SPUHLER (2010)

1. Concept
What is Anaerobic Digestion ? (3/3)
Source:
http://water.me.vccs.edu/courses/ENV149/changes/Feat11_pi
cII-1.jpg [Accessed: 02.06.2010]

1. Concept
What is Biogas ?
Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.

The properties of biogas are similar to the ones of natural gas.
Biogas is the common name for the mixture of gases released from
anaerobic digestion.
Typically biogas is composed of:
Methane (CH4) 50 to 75 %
Carbon Dioxide (CO2) 25 to 50 %
Hydrogen (H) 5 to 10 %
Nitrogen (N2) 1 to 2 %
Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) Traces
Sources: YADAV & HESSE (1981); FAO (1996); PIPOLI (2005); GTZ (2009
Source: MUENCH (2008)
Methane is the valuable part of the biogas. Biogas that contains about
60 to 70 % of CH4 has a calorific value of about 6 kWh/m3 what
corresponds to about half an L of diesel oil. (ISAT/GTZ 1999, Vol. I)
1. Concept
Examples:
Small-scale Biogas plants
Source: M. WRIGHT, Ashden Awards
Biogas plant for cow dung,

Padli village (India) Source: M. WRIGHT, Ashden Awards

1. Concept
Examples: Small-scale Biogas Plants
Biogas
lamp
Adding greywater to the

Source: M. WRIGHT, Ashden Awards biogas reactor to optimise
moisture conditionss
1. Concept
Examples Small-scale Biogas Plants
The
Mudbooster
Plant
Source: UNKNOWN

1. Concept
Examples Small-scale Biogas Plants
Source: C. RIECK (2009)
Wet clay is used to fit the concrete lid

of the manhole gas-tight.
Source: SuSanA
Biogas outlet and manhole with

remouvable cover from a underground Source: C. RIECK (2009)
biogas plant Installed by the NGO TED The manhole is filled with water to keep
in Maseru, Lesotho (Susana) the clay sealing wet and gas tight. Gas
leackage would be indicated by bubbles.

2. How it can optimize SSWM

Biogas plants can contribute to Biogas substitutes
sustainable sanitation conventional energy
sources, reducing
reliance on fossil fuel
and firewood (CO2)
Digested sludge
can substitute
chemical
fertiliser
Biogas plants transform
traditional manure management; D. SPUHLER (2010), adapted from: http://www.terranet.or.id/mitra/dewats/photo/masukan1256.jpg;
reducing CH4 and CO2 emission http://www.borda-sea.org/modules/cjaycontent/index.php?id=6; http://whrefresh.com/wp-

content/uploads/2010/01/potato_field.jpg;
http://www.greenspec.co.uk/images/energy/CHP/chp2.gif]; http://peda.gov.in/eng/images/rural-

biogas-plant_179.jpg; [Accessed: 30.05.2010], BPO (2006) and BUNNY (n.y.) 18
1. Concept
Examples: Biogas Appliances
Biogas lamps
Biogas
K.P. Pravinjith cooking
stoves
Krmer (TBW)
PBO (2006)
M. Wafler
Chang Mai
Biogas generator Biogas rice Biogas boiler
cooker
Source: UNKNOWN
3. Design Principals
Basics: Process Parameters
Anaerobic digestion = Biological system of bacteria

Optimal conditions required that bacteria feel wealthy
Temperature
Performance
Retention time
pH: Wide range,but methanogenesis requires neutrality (6.5-7.5). (MES et al.
2003)
Total solid (TS)

Solids for digestion (organics) - Liquid for fluidity of slurry.
Optimal TScontent: 5 to 10%. (SASSE 1988; NIJAGUNA 2002)
COD: Chemical oxygen demand: Methane production potential

Basics: Daily manure yield for different cattle
Sources: OEKOTOP; WERNER et al. (1998)

Basics: Gas yields for different feedstocks
Sources: OEKOTOP; WERNER et al. (1998)

Basics: Biogas Guideline data
Suitable digesting temperature 20 to 35 C
Retention time 40 to 100 days
Biogas energy 6kWh/m3 = 0.61 L diesel fuel
Biogas generation 0.3 0.5 m3 gas/m3 digester volume

per day
Human yields 0.02 m3/person per day
Cow yields 0.4 m3/Kg dung
Gas requirement for cooking 0.3 to 0.9 m3/person per day
Gas requirement for one lamp 0.1 to 0.15m3/h
Adapted from WERNER et al. (1998); ISAT/GTZ (1999), Vol. I; MANG (2005)

Types of Digester: Bag or Rubber Balloon Biogas Plants (1/2)
Huge common plastic bag (e.g. PVC): sludge settles on the bottom and biogas
is collected in the top. Gas is transported by the pressure from the elasticity of
the balloon (can be enhanced by placing weights on the balloon).
Most simple design, easy and low-cost ( if material locally available)
Temperature enhanced when exposed to sun
Simple to clean but lifespan generally limited
Plastic bag Gas pipe To reuse or

further
treatment
(e.g. drying
Biogas accumulates in the top of the bag bed)
Leveled
surface Batch mode: emptying
Inlet once every few years
Plug-flow reactor: the
slurry moves through
Layer of continuously much like
compacted backfill Source: adapted from FAO (1996)
a train a tunnel
Types of Digester: Bag or Rubber Balloon Biogas Plants (2/2)
Underground plug-
flow reactor bag
biogas plant () and
balloon biogas
collection chamber
(). (Philippines,
Garry Baron)
Source: http://www.habmigern2003.info/biogas/Baron-digester/Baron-digester.htm [Accessed: 02.06.2010]

Types of Digester: Fixed-dome Biogas Plants (1/3)
Airtight underground reactor out of concrete or brick work (most often round),
with a fixed (also airtight) dome in which gas is collected. Gas pressure is
absorbed by the slurry which is displaced into a compensation tank.
Most widely disseminated
Long life-spam
Underground: safes space and protect from temperature changes
Construction must be supervised

Biogas Fixed-
collection dome
Inlet Seal Removable cover
Biogas accumulates in
the dome
Overflow tank /
Slurry
compensation
chamber
Source: adapted from http://peda.gov.in/eng/images/rural-biogas-plant_179.jpg [Accessed: 02.06.2010]

Source: K.P. PRAVVIJITH Source: K.P. PRAVVIJITH
Source: K.P. PRAVVIJITH Source: K.P. PRAVVIJITH

Plastic dome
Any pit can be filled with

organic waste and covered
airtight with a plastic sheet
in order to collect biogas
Source: ISAT/GTZ (1999, Vol. I)

3. Design Principals Floating-drum

Floating-drum Biogas Plants
Floating-drum plants consist of an
Inlet
underground digester and a moving
gasholder (mostly of made out of Outle
steel). Biogas
t
The gasholder floats either directly
on the fermentation slurry or in a
water jacket of its own. The gas is
collected in the gas drum, which
rises or moves down, according to
the amount of gas stored. The gas
drum is prevented from tilting by a
guiding frame. Slurry
Easy to and to control operation
Material costs are high
High risk of corrosion and
rusting (short lifespam).

Floating-drum Biogas Plants Different design of
floating drum plants
Open
gasholder
MUELLER (2007)
Floating drum plant

with inlet from the the
MUELLER (2007)
NGO BIOTECH (India)
Toilet linked Biogas Reactors
Co-digestion of toilet products (nightsoil or blackwater) is a sustainable

solutions for
Hygienically safe on-site treatment of toilet excreta
Production of fertiliser
Production of renewable energy
The mixing of animal dung with blackwater increases its fluidity and
results in optimal moisture conditions for the anaerobic digestion.
Human manure has a lower content in organic matter and thus a

limited biogas yield.

Source: ???

Inlet for Source: adapted from WELL (n.a.)
Pour- animal
flush waste
Removable
toilet Gas outlet pipe cover annual
desludging
Link of toilet
Collection and
Biogas expansions
reactor chamber
Baffle to mix
influent with tank
contents
Manure and green

waste mixing
chamber http://www.ashdenawards.org/files/imagecache/large/fi
les/images/biogasnepal05a.jpg [Accessed: 02.06.2010]
Source: M. WAFLER
Pour-flush
toilet Sludge drying bed
Expansions chamber
Biogas reactor

4. Treatment Efficiency
Health aspects
Anaerobic digested sludge are generally pathogen free. Pathogen removal
depends temperature and retention time. Generally , at more than 55C
pathogens are killed after a few days. At normal temperatures (mesophilic
digestion), longer time is required.
Source: SASSE (1988)
In reality, fresh sludge

is always mixed with
new sludge and it is
very difficult to control
retention times.
Therefore, caution
needs to be taken when
emptying and handling
sludge manually.
Source: WERNER et al. (1998)

4. Treatment Efficiency
Nutrients
Anaerobic digestion only removes organics, and the main mineral material and
almost all nutrients remain in the bottom sludge.
Phosphorus: almost 100 % Biogas slurry
=
Nitrogen (ammonium): and 50 to 70 % (JOENSSEN et al. 2004) Fertilisers
Biogas Slurry = Fertiliser
Further treaments to increase the safety (pathogen removal)

Composting
Drying beds / Humification
5. Operation and Maintenance (O&M)

Start-up
Seeding with living sludge form other anaerobic reactor required. The
establishment of the complex biological conditions for anaerobic
digestion and biogas production may takes some weeks to months.
Operation
No skilled operator is required but households should be trained to

understand the system.
Regular maintenance includes
Checking for foaming or scum formation
Checking for air/gas- tightness
Checking for rusting (e.g. floating-drum reactor)

6. Applicability
Small-scale biogas digesters can transform almost any biodegradable

waste into biogas.
Household or community scale.
Most often used for biogas production in rural areas from animal dung.
Green wastes (kitchen, garden, etc.) can be added.
If toilets are linked: safe and sustainable sanitation solution.
Underground construction provided: can also be constructed in urban

areas.
As anaerobic digestion is limited to moderate to high temperature, only

in areas where temperature does not fall short of for any substantial
length of time.

7. Pros and Cons

Disvantages:
Advantages: Experts are required for the
Low-cost design of the reactor and skilled
Generation of biogas and labour is required for the
fertilizer construction of a gastight tank
Combined treatment of animal,
Substrates need to contain high
human and solid organic waste
amounts of organic matter for
Low operation and maintenance
biogas production
Underground construction (low
space requirement and high Slurry may has to be further
acceptance) treated before reuse (e.g.
Low risk of odours composting)
Resistance against shock loads Below temperatures of 15C,
Long life span if maintained and biogas production is economically
operated correctly not interesting (heating required)
Reduces the amount of wood fuel Requires seeding (start-up can be
and improves indoor air quality long due to the low growth yield
of anaerobic bacteria)
Thank you for your attention!
Source: ???

8. References
BPO (2006): Support Project to the Biogas Programme for the Animal Husbandry Sector in some Provinces of Vietnam. BP I Final report. Hanoi: Biogas Project
Office (BPO) Hanoi
BUNNY, H., BESSELINK, I. (n.y.): The National Biodigester Programme in Cambodia. In Relation to the Clean Development Mechanism. National Biogidgester
PRobramme and NV Netherlands Development Organisation
FAO (1996): Biogas Technology - A Training Manual for Extension. Consolidated Management Services Nepal (P) Ltd. and Food and Agriculture Organization of
the United Nations (FAO) Available at: http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/ae897e/ae897e00.HTM [Accessed: 19.04.2010]
GTZ (2009): Biogas sanitation for black water or brown water, or excreta treatment and reuse in developing countries. Draft Version.(=Technology review).
Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation GmbH (GTZ) and Sustainable Sanitation Alliance (SuSanA) Available at:
http://www.gtz.de/en/themen/umwelt-infrastruktur/wasser/9397.htm [Accessed: 11.03.2010]
ISAT/GTZ (1999): Biogas Basics. (=Biogas Digest, Volume I). Information and Advisory Services on Appropriate Technology (ISAT) and German Agency for
Technical Cooperation GmbH (GTZ). Available at: http://www2.gtz.de/dokumente/bib/04-5364.pdf [Accessed: 19.04.2010]
JOENSSON, H., RICHERT A., VINNERAAS, B., SALOMON, E. (2004): Guidelines on the Use of Urine and Faeces in Crop Production. (= EcoSanRes Publication
Series, Report No. 2004-2). Stockholm: Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI)
MANG, H.-P., (2005): Biogas Sanitation Systems. (=Ecological sanitation course, Norway, 15.-20. August 2005). Beijing: Chinese Academy of Agricultural
Engineering
MES, T.Z.D. de, STAMS, A.J.M, REITH, J.H., ZEEMAN, G. (2003): Chapter 4. Methane production by anaerobic digestion of wastewater and solid wastes. In:
REITH, J.H., WIJFFELS, R.H., BARTEN, H.(Eds.) (2003): Biomethane and Biohydrogen. Status and perspectives of biological methane and hydrogen production.
Dutch Biological Hydrogen Foundation and the Netherlands Agency for Energy and the Environment (Novem). Available at:
http://gasunie.eldoc.ub.rug.nl/FILES/root/2003/3339875/3339875.pdf [Accessed: 25.04.2010]
MUELLER, C. (2007): Anaerobic Digestion of Biodegradable Solid Waste in Low- and Middle-Income Countries. Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science
(EAWAG), Department of Water and Sanitation in Developing Countries (SANDEC)
http://www.eawag.ch/organisation/abteilungen/sandec/publikationen/publications_swm/downloads_swm/Anaerobic_Digestion_high_resolution.pdf
[Accessed: 27.04.2010]
MUENCH, E. (2008): Overview of anaerobic treatment options for sustainable sanitation systems. In: BGR Symposium Coupling Sustainable Sanitation and
Groundwater Protection 14 17 Oct 2008, Hannover, Germany. Eschborn: German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH Available at:
http://www.gtz.de/en/dokumente/en-bgr-conference-biogas-ecosan-muench-2008.pdf [Accessed: 23.04.2010]
NIJAGUNA, B. T. (2002): Biogas Technology. New Delhi: New Age International (P) Ltd.
PIPOLI, T. (2005): Feasibility of Biomass-based Fuel Cells for Manned Space Exploration. In: Proceedings of the Seventh Eurpean Space Power Conference,
Stresa, Italy. 9 to 13 May 2005.
SASSE, L. (1988): Biogas Plants. German Appropriate Technology Exchange (GATE) and German Agency for Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH Available at:
http://www.borda-net.org/modules/wfdownloads/viewcat.php?cid=5 [Accessed: 25.04.2010]
WELL (n.y.): Using Human Waste. (=WELL Technical Briefs, No. 63) Loughborough: Water and Environmental health at London and Loughborough (WELL)
Available at: http://www.lboro.ac.uk/well/resources/technical-briefs/technical-briefs.htm [Accessed: 26.04.2010]
WERNER, U. STOEHR, U., HEES, N. (1998): Biogas Plants in Animal Husbandry. German Appropriate Technology Exchange (GATE) and German Agency for
Technical Cooperation (GTZ) GmbH Available at: http://www.scribd.com/doc/27434211/Biogas-Plant-in-Animal-Husbandry [Accessed: 25.04.2010]
YADAVA, L. S., HESSE, P. R. (1981): The Development and Use of Biogas Technology in Rural Areas of Asia (A Status Report 1981). Improving Soil Fertility
through Organic Recycling. (=Project Field Document No. 10.). Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and United Nations Development Programme (UNEP)

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Anaerobic Digestion (Small-acale)

Dorothee Spuhler, seecon gmbh

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale) 1

Copyright & Disclaimer

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale)

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale) 3

Small-scale anaerobic biogas reactors are very common in agricultural

Toilet, Kitchen and Garden

Adapted from: http://www.seco.cpa.state.tx.us/energy-sources/biomass/images/manure-

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale) 8

Source: M. WAFLER Source: M. WAFLER

Coocking with fuelwood Biogas stove

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale) 9

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale) 11

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale) 12

Biogas is a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide.

Source: M. WRIGHT, Ashden Awards

Source: M. WRIGHT, Ashden Awards

Biogas plant for cow dung,

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale) 14

Source: M. WRIGHT, Ashden Awards

Adding greywater to the

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale) 16

Source: C. RIECK (2009)

Wet clay is used to fit the concrete lid

Biogas outlet and manhole with

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale) 17

2. How it can optimize SSWM

reducing CH4 and CO2 emission http://www.borda-sea.org/modules/cjaycontent/index.php?id=6; http://whrefresh.com/wp-

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale)

Anaerobic digestion = Biological system of bacteria

Total solid (TS)

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale) 20

Sources: OEKOTOP; WERNER et al. (1998)

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale) 21

Sources: OEKOTOP; WERNER et al. (1998)

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale) 22

Suitable digesting temperature 20 to 35 C

Retention time 40 to 100 days

Biogas energy 6kWh/m3 = 0.61 L diesel fuel

Biogas generation 0.3 0.5 m3 gas/m3 digester volume

Human yields 0.02 m3/person per day

Cow yields 0.4 m3/Kg dung

Gas requirement for cooking 0.3 to 0.9 m3/person per day

Gas requirement for one lamp 0.1 to 0.15m3/h

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale) 23

Plastic bag Gas pipe To reuse or

Source: http://www.habmigern2003.info/biogas/Baron-digester/Baron-digester.htm [Accessed: 02.06.2010]

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale) 25

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale) 26

Source: adapted from http://peda.gov.in/eng/images/rural-biogas-plant_179.jpg [Accessed: 02.06.2010]

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale) 27

Source: K.P. PRAVVIJITH Source: K.P. PRAVVIJITH

Source: K.P. PRAVVIJITH Source: K.P. PRAVVIJITH

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale)

Any pit can be filled with

Source: ISAT/GTZ (1999, Vol. I)

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale) 29

3. Design Principals Floating-drum

Anaerobic Digestion (Small-scale) 30

Floating drum plant

Co-digestion of toilet products (nightsoil or blackwater) is a sustainable

Hygienically safe on-site treatment of toilet excreta