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Week 2.i
Output Stages And Power Amplifiers
Two types:
1.Balanced Input
2.Single Ended Input
2. Input Stage
Balanced inputs are much preferred over
single ended inputs when interconnection
cables are long and/or subject to noisy
electrical environments because they provide
very good noise rejection.
Class-B: Output devices conduct for 180 degrees (1/2 of input cycle) -
for audio, two output devices in "push-pull" must be used (see Class-AB)
Class-AB: Halfway (or partway) between the above two examples (181 to
200 degrees typical) - also requires push-pull operation for audio. The
conduction for each output device is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1 - The Sinewave Cycle
Class-C: Output device(s) conduct for less than 180 degrees (100 to
150 degrees typical) - Radio Frequencies only - cannot be used for audio!
This is the sound heard when one of the output devices goes open circuit in
an audio amp! See Figure 1, showing the time the output device conducts
Class A Output Stage
Class A output stage is a simple linear
current amplifier.
It is also very inefficient, typical maximum
efficiency between 10 and 20 %.
Only suitable for low power applications.
High power requires much better
efficiency.
Transfer Characteristics
Basic class A amplifier operation. Output is shown 180 out of phase with the input (inverted).
Maximum class A output occurs when the Q-point is centered on the ac load line.
Q-point closer to cutoff.
Q-point closer to saturation.
FIGURE
FIGURE 9-30 Class A power amplifier with correct output voltage swing.
Why is class A so inefficient ?
Single transistor can only conduct in one
direction.
D.C. bias current is needed to cope with
negative going signals.
75 % (or more) of the supplied power is
dissipated by d.c.
Solution : eliminate the bias current.
Class A
Class A amplifiers have very low distortion
(lowest distortion occurs when the volume is
low)
Iout
time
IC1
time
IC2
time
Class B Efficiency
IC1
A/RL
A sin()
0 2 Phase,
IC1 d sin d
1 1 A A
I C1
2 0
2 R
0 L RL
By symmetry, power drawn from +ve and ve
supplies will be the same. Total power, therefore:
2VS A
PS Pve Pve 2 Pve
RL
Load power:
2
vout A2 sin 2 t A2
PL 2VS A
RL RL 2 RLP PS ve Pve 2 P ve
RL
Efficiency:
PL A2 RL A
PS 2 RL 2VS A 4VS
NB. A VS / 4 78.5%
Power Dissipation
2
2VS A A
PD PS PL
RL 2 RL
PD is a quadratic function of A,
2VS A A2
PD
RL 2 RL
dPD
maximum when: 0
dA
2VS A 2VS
0 A
RL RL
vout
+VBE vin
vout vin VBE
Crossover Distortion
Effect of Cross-Over Distortion
Class B
A class B output stage can be far more
efficient than a class A stage (78.5 %
maximum efficiency compared with 25
%).
It also requires twice as many output
transistors
and it isnt very linear; cross-over
distortion can be significant.
Class B
Class B amplifiers are used in low cost designs
or designs where sound quality is not that
important.
Q1
vIN
+
I Q1 = 0 hingga 2xIBias.
RL vO
IBIAS
-
-VCC
IBIAS
R1
QBIAS
R2 R3
-VCC
Class A IE1 I iL
The bias current I must ve greater the largest negative current value
Transfer Characteristics Otherwise Q cutts off
The transfer characyteristic of the emitter follower for this figure is
vO v I v BE1
Where vBE1 depends on the emitter current iE1 and thus on the load
current iL.
If we neglect the relative small changes in vBE1 (60mV for every factot of
10 change in iE) the transfer curve results
Transfer Characteristics
From figure 9.3 we can see that
v omax VCC VCE1sat
or by Q2 saturating
VCC VCE2sat
I
RL
Class A
Transfer Characteristics
Signal Waveforms
1 2
vo( t ) 0 vcE1( t ) 1
1 0
0 5 10 0 5 10
t t
2
1
ic1( t ) 1
pD1( t ) 0.5
0
0 5 10 0
0 5 10
t
t
Class A
Power Dissipation
P VCC I
When RL is zero a positive voltage would result in a theoretically infinite current (large
practical value) would flow through Q1. Short-circuit protection is necessary.
Class A
load_power PL
supply_power PS
2
1 Vo Vo average voltage
PL
2 RL
PS 2 VCC I
2
1 Vo 1 Vo Vo
4 I RL VCC 4 I RL VCC
Vo VCC Vo I RL
Vo VCC I RL
Class A
Exercise 9.4
3
Vopeak 8 I 100 10 RL 100 VCC 10
2
Vopeak
PL
2 PL 0.32
100
PL
0.16
PS
Class A
CLASS A
Many class A amplifiers use the same transistor(s) for both halves of the audio
waveform. In this configuration, the output transistor(s) always has current flowing
through it, even if it has no audio signal (the output transistors never 'turn off'). The
current flowing through it is D.C.
A pure class 'A' amplifier is very inefficient and generally runs very hot even when
there is no audio output. The current flowing through the output transistor(s) (with no
audio signal) may be as much as the current which will be driven through the speaker
load at FULL audio output power. Many people believe class 'A' amps to sound better
than other configurations (and this may have been true at some point in time) but a
well designed amplifier won't have any 'sound' and even the most critical 'ear' would be
hard-pressed to tell one design from another.
NOTE: Some class A amplifiers use complimentary (separate transistors for positive
and negative halves of the waveform) transistors for their output stage.
Class B CLASS 'B'
A class 'B' amplifier uses complimentary
Circuit Operation transistors for each half of the waveform.
A true class 'B' amplifier is NOT generally
used for audio. In a class 'B' amplifier, there is
a small part of the waveform which will be
distorted. You should remember that it takes
approximately .6 volts (measured from base
to emitter) to get a bipolar transistor to start
conducting. In a pure class 'B' amplifier, the
output transistors are not "biased" to an 'on'
state of operation. This means that the the
part of the waveform which falls within this .6
volt window will not be reproduced accurately.
The output transistors for each half of the
waveform (positive and negative) will each
have a .6 volt area in which they will not be
conducting. The distorted part of the
waveform is called 'crossover' or 'notch'
distortion. Remember that distortion is any
unwanted variation in a signal (compared to
the original signal). The diagram below shows
what crossover distortion looks like.
Circuit Operation
Class AB
Output Resistance
Class AB
Calvin College - ENGR 332
Exercise 9.6 Class AB Output Stage Amplifier
Consider the class AB circuit (illustrated below) with Vcc=15 V, IQ=2 mA, RL=100 ohms.
Determine VBB. Determine the values of iL, iN, iP, vBEN, vEBP, vI, vO/vI, Rout, and vo/vi versus
vO for vO varying from -10 to 10V.
Note that vO/vI is the large signal voltage gain and vo/vi is the incremental gain obtained as
RL/(RL+Rout). The incremental gain is equal to the slope of the transfer curve.
Assume QN and QP to be matched, with IS=10E-13.
Class AB
Exercise 9.6
Given VBB
2
VT
IQ IS e
Exercise 9.6
vO
i i
vO 10 iL
i 5 i RL
iLi 0
10 0 10
vOi
Class AB Solving for iN
i
iN iNN IQ iL
i i
1 10
3
100
5 10
iN 4.997 10 iNi 1000
10
1
0.1
0.01
10 5 0 5 10
vOi
iP iN iLD
i i i
1 10
3
100
10
iPi 1000
1
0.1
0.01
10 5 0
iNi vOi
vBEN VT ln
i
IS
1 10
100
0.6
vBENi
iPi 0.5
vEBP VT ln 10 5 0
i
IS vOi
vEBPi 0.6
10 5 0
vOi
Class AB
Exercise 9.6
VBB
vI vO vBEN
i i i 2
0
vIi
vO 10
i
vOvI 10 5 0
i vI
i vOi
vOvIi 0.5
0
10 5 0
vOi
Class AB vOvIi 0.5
Exercise 9.6 0
10 5 0
vOi
VT
Rout
i iP iN
i i
5
Rout i
0
10 5 0 5 10
RL
vovi vOi
i RL Rout
i
vovii
0.95
10 5 0 5 10
vOi
Fig. 9.30 Simplified internal circuit of the LM380 IC power amplifier (Courtesy National Semiconductor Corporation.)
Fig. 9.31 Small-signal analysis of the circuit in Fig. 9.30. The circled numbers indicate the order of the analysis steps.
Fig. 9.33 Structure of a power op amp. The circuit consists of an op amp followed by a class AB buffer similar to that discussed in
Section 9.7. The output current capability of the buffer, consisting of Q1, Q2, Q3, and Q4, is further boosted by Q5 and Q6.
Fig. 934 The bridge amplifier configuration.
Fig. 9.35 Double-diffused vertical MOS transistor (DMOS).
Fig. 9.36 Typical iD-vGS characteristic for a power MOSFET.
Fig. 9.38 A class AB amplifier with MOS output transistors and BJT drivers. Resistor R3 is adjusted to provide temperature
compensation while R1 is adjusted to yield to the desired value of quiescent current in the output transistors.
Class B Output
Biasing the Class B Output
* No DC current is used to bias this
configuration.
*Activated when the input voltage is greater
than the Vbe for the transistors.
* npn Transistor operates when positive, pnp
when negative.
* At a zero input voltage, we get no output
voltage.
Operation
When the input voltage rises to be large enough to overcome the Vbe, it will
begin to cause an output voltage to appear. This occurs because Qn begins to
act like an emitter follower and Qp shuts off. The input will be followed on the
emitter until the transistor reaches saturation. The maximum input voltage is
equal to the following:
vimax VCC VCENsat
The same thing will begin to happen if the input voltage is negative by more
than the Veb of the transistor. This causes the Qp to act like an emitter
follower and Qn turns off. This will continue to behave this way until saturation
occurs at a minimum input voltage of:
vo
par ro RL
vb
re par ro RL
Rs will be small for most configurations, so
the vb/vs will be a little less than unity. The
same is true for re, so vo/vb will be a little less
than unity making our vo/vs a little less than
Characteristics of the Emitter Follower: unity.
Pull: The pnp transistor will pull the current from the ground when the input is negative .
Catu Daya
+VCC
QN Daya Beban
vIN RL vO
QP -
-VCC
Crossover Distortion
The Crossover Distortion is due to the dead band of input voltages from -.5V to .5V.
This causes the Class B output stage to be a bad audio amplifier. For large input
signals, the crossover distortion is limited, but at small input signals, it is most
pronounced.
Graph of Crossover Distortion
Fig. 9.7 Illustrating how the dead band in the class B transfer characteristic results in crossover distortion.
Power Efficiency
2 Since each transistor is only conducting for one-half
1 Vop of the time, the power drawn from each source will
Load Power: PL
2 RL be the same.
1 Vop
Ps VCC
LR
Fig. 4.46 The common-collector or emitter-follower amplifier. (a) Circuit. (b) Equivalent circuit obtained by replacing the
BJT with its T model. (c) The circuit in (b) redrawn to show that ro is in parallel with RL. (d) Circuit for determining Ro.
Class AB Output Stage
Class AB amplifier Operation
Multisim Simulations - Operation
Class AB amplifier biasing
MultisimSimulation s - Biasing
Class AB VTC Plot
ADVANTAGE:
Class AB operation improves on Class B linearity.
DISADVANTAGES:
Emitter resistors absorb output power. 2. Power Conversion Efficiency is less
than Class B. 3. Temperature matching will be needed more so. if emitter
resistors are not used.
TRADEOFFS:
Tradeoffs - involving bias current - between power efficiency, power dissipation
and output signal swing need to be addressed.
Differential Amplifier: Common-Mode with Current Source
http://www.indiabix.com/electronics-circuits/differential-amplifier-common-mode-with-current-source/